The increasing pollution of ecosystems by both biological and non-biological contaminants has recently fostered the rapid development of biosensors, thus opening a new investigation area in analytical sciences. Here, we review the applications of immunosensors in food safety, human health, environmental sciences, water pollution, and agriculture. We present the analysis of cancer markers, pathogens, antigens, antibiotics, pesticides, toxins, allergens, hormones, and phytohormones. Immunosensors comprise electrochemical, microgravimetric, optical, and thermometric immunosensors. Immunosensors have advantages such as enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, speed, and cost-effectiveness. In particular, antibody-based biosensors have outperformed traditional methods in identifying and analysing various compounds. Immunosensors are able to detect compounds at nanomolar to picomolar levels.

生物和非生物污染物对生态系统的污染日益严重，促进了生物传感器的快速发展，从而开辟了分析科学的新研究领域。在这里，我们回顾了免疫传感器在食品安全、人类健康、环境科学、水污染和农业中的应用。我们对癌症标志物、病原体、抗原、抗生素、杀虫剂、毒素、过敏原、激素和植物激素进行分析。免疫传感器包括电化学、微重、光学和测温免疫传感器。免疫传感器具有增强的灵敏度、选择性、速度和成本效益等优点。特别是，基于抗体的生物传感器在识别和分析各种化合物方面优于传统方法。免疫传感器能够检测纳摩尔至皮摩尔水平的化合物。