Abstract
The increasing pollution of ecosystems by both biological and non-biological contaminants has recently fostered the rapid development of biosensors, thus opening a new investigation area in analytical sciences. Here, we review the applications of immunosensors in food safety, human health, environmental sciences, water pollution, and agriculture. We present the analysis of cancer markers, pathogens, antigens, antibiotics, pesticides, toxins, allergens, hormones, and phytohormones. Immunosensors comprise electrochemical, microgravimetric, optical, and thermometric immunosensors. Immunosensors have advantages such as enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, speed, and cost-effectiveness. In particular, antibody-based biosensors have outperformed traditional methods in identifying and analysing various compounds. Immunosensors are able to detect compounds at nanomolar to picomolar levels.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ABEI:
-
N-(4-aminobutyl)-N-ethylisoluminol
- Bio-PET:
-
Bio-based poly(ethylene terephthalate)
- CFDA:
-
Chinese Food and Drug Administration
- CNTFETs:
-
Carbon nanotubes field effect transistors
- DL-MBs:
-
Dual-labelled magnetic nanobeads
- EFSA:
-
European Food Safety Authority
- EIS:
-
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
- ELISA:
-
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- EQS:
-
Environmental quality standards
- EQSD:
-
Environmental quality standards directive
- FOPPR:
-
Fibre optic particle plasmon resonance
- FRET:
-
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- FSSAI:
-
Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
- g-C3N4/ZnO:
-
Graphitic carbon nitride/zinc oxide
- GC–MS:
-
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
- HFMD:
-
Hand, foot, and mouth disease
- HPLC:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography
- IDAMs:
-
Interdigitated array microelectrodes
- IGF-1:
-
Insulin-like growth factor-1
- LC–MS:
-
Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
- MDSPE:
-
Magnetic dispersion solid-phase extraction
- MWCNT:
-
Multiwalled carbon nanotube
- PDMS:
-
Polydimethylsiloxane
- pNap:
-
1-Naphthylamine polymer
- SERS:
-
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering
- SPCE:
-
Screen-printed carbon electrode
- SWASV:
-
Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry
- SWCNHs:
-
Single-walled carbon nanohorns
- SWCNTs:
-
Single-walled carbon nanotubes
- USFDA:
-
United States Food and Drug Administration
References
Abdallah Z et al (2022) Design, elaboration, and characterization of an immunosensor for the detection of a fungal toxin in foodstuff analyses. Chemosensors 10:137. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10040137
Ahmed A, Rushworth JB, Wright JD, Millner PA (2013) Novel impedimetric immunosensor for detection of pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes in human saliva. Anal Chem 85:12118–12125. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac403253j
Alhazmi HA et al (2023) Development of screen-printed carbon electrode-based immunosensors for the electrochemical detection of dengue virus antigen. J King Saud Univ-Sci 35:102568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102568
Althagafi II, Ahmed SA, El-Said WA (2019) Fabrication of gold/graphene nanostructures modified ITO electrode as highly sensitive electrochemical detection of Aflatoxin B1. PLoS ONE 14:e0210652. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210652
Angulo-Ibáñez A, Eletxigerra U, Lasheras X, Campuzano S, Merino S (2019) Electrochemical tropomyosin allergen immunosensor for complex food matrix analysis. Anal Chim Acta 1079:94–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2019.06.030
Bacanlı M, Başaran N (2019) Importance of antibiotic residues in animal food. Food Chem Toxicol 125:462–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2019.01.033
Baldo TA et al (2021) Disposable electrochemical microfluidic device for ultrasensitive detection of egg allergen in wine samples. Talanta 232:122447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122447
Baluta S et al (2023) A novel strategy for selective thyroid hormone determination based on an electrochemical biosensor with graphene nanocomposite. Sensors 23:602. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020602
Bekir K et al (2015) An investigation of the well-water quality: immunosensor for pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa detection based on antibody-modified poly (pyrrole-3 carboxylic acid) screen-printed carbon electrode. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:18669–18675. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5004-7
Belkhamssa N et al (2016) Label-free disposable immunosensor for detection of atrazine. Talanta 146:430–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.09.015
Ben Y et al (2019) Human health risk assessment of antibiotic resistance associated with antibiotic residues in the environment: a review. Environ Res 169:483–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.040
Benedé S et al (2018) Fast amperometric immunoplatform for ovomucoid traces determination in fresh and baked foods. Sens Actuators B Chem 265:421–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.03.075
Bhardwaj H, Sumana G, Marquette CA (2020) A label-free ultrasensitive microfluidic surface plasmon resonance biosensor for Aflatoxin B1 detection using nanoparticles integrated gold chip. Food Chem 307:125530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125530
Bhardwaj H, Rajesh, Sumana G (2022) Recent advances in nanomaterials integrated immunosensors for food toxin detection. J Food Sci Technol 59:12–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-021-04999-5
Blasques RV et al (2023) Flexible label-free platinum and bio-pet-based immunosensor for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Biosensors 13:190. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13020190
Bo Y et al (2024) 2D Z-scheme ZnIn2S4/g–C3N4 heterojunction based on photoelectrochemical immunosensor with enhanced carrier separation for sensitive detection of CEA. Biosens Bioelectron 247:115926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2023.115926
Čadková M et al (2015) Magnetic beads-based electrochemical immunosensor for monitoring allergenic food proteins. Anal Biochem 484:4–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2015.04.037
Calabrese A et al (2023) An impedance-based immunosensor for the detection of ovalbumin in white wine. Biosensors 13:669. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13070669
Campanile R et al (2023) Magnetic micromixing for highly sensitive detection of glyphosate in tap water by colorimetric immunosensor. Talanta 253:123937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123937
Cao Y, Sun X, Guo Y, Zhao W, Wang X (2015) An electrochemical immunosensor based on interdigitated array microelectrode for the detection of chlorpyrifos. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 38:307–313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-014-1269-3
Castiello FR, Tabrizian M (2019) Gold nanoparticle amplification strategies for multiplex SPRi-based immunosensing of human pancreatic islet hormones. Analyst 144:2541–2549. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9AN00140A
Cebula Z et al (2019) Detection of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. Lachrymans on antibody-modified gold electrodes by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Sensors 19:5411. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245411
Cervera-Chiner L et al (2018) High fundamental frequency quartz crystal microbalance (HFF-QCM) immunosensor for pesticide detection in honey. Food Control 92:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.026
Chaisuwan N, Xu H, Wu G, Liu J (2013) A highly sensitive differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry for determination of 17β-estradiol (E2) using CdSe quantum dots based on indirect competitive immunoassay. Biosens Bioelectron 46:150–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.02.041
Chandran M et al (2024) Fabrication of label-free immunoprobe for monkeypox A29 detection using one-step electrodeposited molybdenum oxide-graphene quantum rods. J Colloid Interface Sci 660:412–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.188
Chattopadhyay S, Choudhary M, Singh H (2022) Carbon dots and graphene oxide based FRET immunosensor for sensitive detection of Helicobacter pylori. Anal Biochem 654:114801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2022.114801
Chaudhary M et al (2021) Graphene oxide based electrochemical immunosensor for rapid detection of groundnut bud necrosis orthotospovirus in agricultural crops. Talanta 235:122717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122717
Chaudhary N, Yadav AK, Verma D, Sharma JG, Solanki PR (2024) An electrochemical immunosensor based on a nanostructured lanthanum oxide-substituted reduced graphene oxide interface for ultralow ciprofloxacin detection in milk samples. Mater Adv 5:1597. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ma00556a
Chauhan N, Maekawa T, Kumar DNS (2017) Graphene based biosensors-accelerating medical diagnostics to new-dimensions. J Mater Res 32:2860–2882. https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2017.91
Chen Y et al (2020) Signal-off/on electrogenerated chemiluminescence deoxyribosensors for assay of early lung cancer biomarker (NAP2) based on target-caused DNA charge transfer. Anal Chim Act 1103:67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.049
Chen H et al (2023a) A sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor based on spherical nucleic acids-templated Ag nanoclusters for ultrasensitive detection of tumor biomarker. Biosens Bioelectron 223:115029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2022.115029
Chen H et al (2023b) The applications of electrochemical immunosensors in the detection of disease biomarkers: a review. Molecules 28:3605. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083605
Chen L et al (2023c) Ultrahigh-sensitivity label-free singlemode-tapered no core-singlemode fiber immunosensor for Listeria monocytogenes detection. Sens Actuators B Chem 376:132930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2022.132930
Chiriacò MS, Parlangeli I, Sirsi F, Poltronieri P, Primiceri E (2018) Impedance sensing platform for detection of the food pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Electronics 7:347. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7120347
Chopra A et al (2023) Femtomolar detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin ‘B’ using a fluorescent quantum dot based hybrid Apta-immunosensor. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 287:122036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2022.122036
Chu G et al (2023) Simple immunosensor based on carboxyl-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes @ antimony-doped tin oxide composite membrane for aflatoxin B1 detection. Micromachines 14:996. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14050996
Cimafonte M et al (2020) Screen printed based impedimetric immunosensor for rapid detection of Escherichia coli in drinking water. Sensors 20:274. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010274
Cincotto FH et al (2016) Electrochemical immunosensor for ethinylestradiol using diazonium salt grafting onto silver nanoparticles-silica–graphene oxide hybrids. Talanta 147:328–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.09.061
Costa R et al (2021) Electrochemical and optical biosensing platforms for the immunorecognition of hazelnut Cor a 14 allergen. Food Chem 361:130122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130122
Cristea C, Florea A, Tertiş M, Săndulescu R (2015) Immunosensors. In: Biosensors-micro and nanoscale applications. InTech, pp 165–202. https://doi.org/10.5772/60524
Das Q, Islam MR, Marcone MF, Warriner K, Diarra MS (2017) Potential of berry extracts to control foodborne pathogens. Food Control 73:650–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.09.019
Desai KG, Pruett WA, Martin PJ, Colandene JD, Nesta DP (2017) Impact of manufacturing-scale freeze-thaw conditions on a mAb solution. BioPharm Int 30:30–36
Devarakonda S, Singh R, Bhardwaj J, Jang J (2017) Cost-effective and handmade paper-based immunosensing device for electrochemical detection of influenza virus. Sensors 17:2597. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112597
Dhewa T (2015) Biosensors for environmental monitoring: an update. Octa J Environ Res 3:212–218
Dias C et al (2024) Electrochemical immunosensor for point-of-care detection of soybean Gly m TI allergen in foods. Talanta 268:125284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125284
Ding J, Lu Z, Wang R, Shen G, Xaio L (2014) Piezoelectric immunosensor with gold nanoparticles enhanced competitive immunoreaction technique for 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid quantification. Sens Actuators B Chem 193:568–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.11.079
Dong XX et al (2017) Development of a progesterone immunosensor based on thionine-graphene oxide composites platforms: Improvement by biotin-streptavidin-amplified system. Talanta 170:502–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.054
Dong Y et al (2024) A metal-organic framework signaling probe-mediated immunosensor for the economical and rapid determination of enrofloxacin in milk. Food Chem 449:139050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139050
Dorozhko EV et al (2021) A copper nanoparticle-based electrochemical immunosensor for carbaryl detection. Talanta 228:122174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122174
Duan R, Xi M (2020) A novel label-free biosensor for detection of HE4 in urine based on localized surface plasmon resonance and protein G directional fixed. J Nanomater 2020:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8613240
Dyussembayev K et al (2021) Biosensor technologies for early detection and quantification of plant pathogens. Front Chem 9:636245. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2021.636245
Ebrahimi M, Norouzi P, Safarnejad MR, Tabaei O, Haji-Hashemi H (2019) Fabrication of a label-free electrochemical immunosensor for direct detection of Candidatus Phytoplasma Aurantifolia. J Electroanal Chem 851:113451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113451
Eissa S, L’Hocine L, Siaj M, Zourob M (2013) A graphene-based label-free voltammetric immunosensor for sensitive detection of the egg allergen ovalbumin. Analyst 138:4378–4384. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3AN36883A
El-Moghazy AY et al (2018) Ultrasensitive label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on PVA-co-PE nanofibrous membrane for the detection of chloramphenicol residues in milk. Biosens Bioelectron 117:838–844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.025
Fabiani L et al (2024) Smartphone-assisted paper-based electrochemical immunosensor for SARS-CoV-2 detection in saliva. Bioelectrochem 156:108619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108619
Fan X et al (2021) A sensitive amperometric immunosensor for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen using ZnMn2O4@ reduced graphene oxide composites as signal amplifier. Sens Actuators B Chem 339:129852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.129852
Fan Y, Shi S, Ma J, Guo Y (2022) Smartphone-based electrochemical system with multi-walled carbon nanotubes/thionine/gold nanoparticles modified screen-printed immunosensor for cancer antigen 125 detection. Microchem J 174:107044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.107044
Freitas M, Neves MMPS, Nouws HPA, Delerue-Matos C (2021) Electrochemical immunosensor for the simultaneous determination of two main peanut allergenic proteins (ara h 1 and ara h 6) in food matrices. Foods 10:1718. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081718
Fukuda K (2015) Food safety in a globalized world. Bull World Health Organ 93:212–212. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.15.154831
Gao S, Guisán JM, Rocha-Martin J (2022) Oriented immobilization of antibodies onto sensing platforms—a critical review. Anal Chim Acta 1189:338907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2021.338907
Guerrero-Esteban T et al (2021) Sensitive glyphosate electrochemiluminescence immunosensor based on electrografted carbon nanodots. Sens Actuators B Chem 330:129389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.129389
Guo Y et al (2018) A non-competitive surface plasmon resonance immunosensor for rapid detection of triazophos residue in environmental and agricultural samples. Sci Total Environ 613:783–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.157
Gupta S et al (2020) Nanohybrid-based immunosensor prepared for Helicobacter pylori BabA antigen detection through immobilized antibody assembly with@ Pdnano/rGO/PEDOT sensing platform. Sci Rep 10:21217. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78068-w
Habibi MM et al (2022) Development of a sensitive label-free electrochemical immunosensor for detection of chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus. Diam Relat Mater 128:109203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2022.109203
Haji-Hashemi H et al (2018) Sensitive electrochemical immunosensor for citrus bacterial canker disease detection using fast Fourier transformation square-wave voltammetry method. J Electroanal Chem 820:111–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.04.062
Haleem A, Javaid M, Singh RP, Suman R, Rab S (2021) Biosensors applications in medical field: a brief review. Sens Int 2:100100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100100
Han E et al (2020) Electrochemical immunosensor based on self-assembled gold nanorods for label-free and sensitive determination of Staphylococcus aureus. Anal Biochem 611:113982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2020.113982
Hara TO, Singh B (2021) Electrochemical biosensors for detection of pesticides and heavy metal toxicants in water: recent trends and progress. ACS ES&T Water 1:462–478. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.0c00125
Hasan MR et al (2021) Recent development in electrochemical biosensors for cancer biomarkers detection. Biosens Bioelectron X 8:100075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosx.2021.100075
Hassani ENEA et al (2019) Development and application of a novel electrochemical immunosensor for tetracycline screening in honey using a fully integrated electrochemical Bio-MEMS. Biosens Bioelectron 130:330–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.052
Hayat A, Barthelmebs L, Marty JL (2011) Enzyme-linked immunosensor based on super paramagnetic nanobeads for easy and rapid detection of okadaic acid. Anal Chim Acta 690:248–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.031
Himanshu JK, Lakshmi GBVS, Singh AK, Solanki PR (2024) Reduced graphene oxide-gadolinium oxide-functionalized paper based immunosensor for electrochemical detection of gentamicin. Biosens Bioelectron X 17:100442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosx.2024.100442
Hong SP, Keasberry NA, Ahmed MU (2023) Development of a gliadin immunosensor incorporating gold nanourchin, molybdenum disulfide, titanium dioxide, and Nafion for enhanced electrochemiluminescence. Microchem J 193:109059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2023.109059
Hossain SZ, Mansour N (2019) Biosensors for on-line water quality monitoring-a review. Arab J Basic Appl Sci 26:502–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765299.2019.1691434
Hossain Z, Busman M, Maragos CM (2019) Immunoassay utilizing imaging surface plasmon resonance for the detection of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) in maize and cheese. Anal Bioanal Chem 411:3543–3552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-019-01835-w
Hosu O, Selvolini G, Marrazza G (2018) Recent advances of immunosensors for detecting food allergens. Curr Opin Electrochem 10:149–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2018.05.022
Hou YH et al (2018) A colorimetric and electrochemical immunosensor for point-of-care detection of enterovirus 71. Biosens Bioelectron 99:186–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2017.07.035
Huang J et al (2018) Electrochemical immunosensor detection for lactoferrin in milk powder. Int J Electrochem Sci 13:7816–7826. https://doi.org/10.20964/2018.08.47
Jampasa S et al (2019) Electrochemical immunosensor based on gold-labeled monoclonal anti-LipL32 for leptospirosis diagnosis. Biosens Bioelectron 142:111539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2019.111539
Jaradat H, Al-Hamry A, Ibbini M, Fourati N, Kanoun O (2023) Novel sensitive electrochemical immunosensor development for the selective detection of HopQ H. pylori bacteria biomarker. Biosensors 13:527. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13050527
Jaradat H et al (2024) Detection of H. pylori outer membrane protein (HopQ) biomarker using electrochemical impedimetric immunosensor with polypyrrole nanotubes and carbon nanotubes nanocomposite on screen-printed carbon electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 249:115937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2023.115937
Jarocka U et al (2011) Impedimetric immunosensor for detection of plum pox virus in plant extracts. Electroanal 23:2197–2204. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201100152
Jozghorbani M, Fathi M, Kazemi SH, Alinejadian N (2021) Determination of carcinoembryonic antigen as a tumor marker using a novel graphene-based label-free electrochemical immunosensor. Anal Biochem 613:114017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2020.114017
Jumpathong W, Jakmunee J, Ounnunkad K (2016) A sensitive and disposable graphene oxide electrochemical immunosensor for label-free detection of human immunoglobulin G. Anal Sci 32:323–328. https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.32.323
Jung J et al (2021) Development of polydiacetylene-based testosterone detection as a model sensing platform for water-insoluble hormone analytes. Chemosensors 9:176. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9070176
Kaushik A et al (2018) A sensitive electrochemical immunosensor for label-free detection of Zika-virus protein. Sci Rep 8:9700. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28035-3
Kazan K (2015) Diverse roles of jasmonates and ethylene in abiotic stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci 20:219–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2015.02.001
Khan MZH, Hasan MR, Hossain SI, Ahommed MS, Daizy M (2020) Ultrasensitive detection of pathogenic viruses with electrochemical biosensor: state of the art. Biosens Bioelectron 166:112431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112431
Khanal S et al (2023) Detection of colistin (Polymyxin B) a restricted drug in chicken eggs using a label-free immunosensor based on Au screen-printed electrodes. Chem Pap. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-023-03138-y
Khumngern S, Jeerapan I (2023) Advances in wearable electrochemical antibody-based sensors for cortisol sensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 415:3863–3877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-023-04577-y
Kiio LK et al (2023) Ultrasensitive immunosensor for multiplex detection of cancer biomarkers carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and yamaguchi sarcoma viral oncogene homolog 1 (YES1) based on eco-friendly synthesized gold nanoparticles. Talanta. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124934
Kilic T, Philipp PJ, Giavedoni P, Carrara S (2020) Milk allergen detection: sensitive label-free voltammetric immunosensor based on electropolymerization. BioNanoScience 10:512–522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-020-00730-4
Kim JY, Park M (2021) Recent progress in electrochemical immunosensors. Biosensors 11:360. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13010125
Kolhe P, Roberts A, Gandhi S (2023) Fabrication of an ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor coupled with biofunctionalized zero-dimensional graphene quantum dots for rapid detection of cephalexin. Food Chem 398:133846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133846
Kolpin DW et al (2002) Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in US streams, 1999–2000: a national reconnaissance. Environ Sci Technol 36:1202–1211. https://doi.org/10.1021/es011055j
Kongkaew S, Cotchim S, Kanatharana P, Thavarungkul P, Limbut W (2023) Disposable label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on prussian blue nanocubes for four breast cancer tumor markers. Talanta 255:124229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124229
Kumar H et al (2022) Electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of colistin in chicken liver. 3 Biotech 12:190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-022-03252-w
Kumar R, Lakshmi GBVS, Dhiman TK, Singh K, Solanki PR (2023) Label-free and highly sensitive immunosensor based on L-cysteine capped vanadium disulfide quantum dots for amoxicillin detection. Microchem J 195:109433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2023.109433
Kumar H et al (2024) Development of an electrode immunosensor using carbon nanofibres-gold nanoparticles-mercaptopropionic acid-polyethylenimine for chicken liver containing colistin. J Agric Food Res 15:100990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.100990
Laza A et al (2024) Origami paper-based electrochemical immunosensor with carbon nanohorns-decorated nanoporous gold for zearalenone detection. Chemosens 12:10. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12010010
Lee J, Lee S, Lee G, Kang SH (2023) Simultaneous quantification of thyroid hormones using an ultrasensitive single-molecule fourplex nanoimmunosensor in an evanescent field. Biosens Bioelectron 220:114894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2022.114894
Leibovici L et al (2016) Addressing resistance to antibiotics in systematic reviews of antibiotic interventions. J Antimicrob Chemother 71:2367–2369. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw135
Leonardo S et al (2018) Detection of azaspiracids in mussels using electrochemical immunosensors for fast screening in monitoring programs. Sens Actuators B Chem 262:818–827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.02.046
Li Z, Zhou J, Dong T, Xu Y, Shang Y (2021) Application of electrochemical methods for the detection of abiotic stress biomarkers in plants. Biosens Bioelectron 182:113105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2021.113105
Li YR et al (2023) Non-toxic immunosensor for highly efficient detection of tetrodotoxin by electrochemical and colorimetric dual-mode sensing platform. Sens Actuators B Chem 389:133849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2023.133849
Lin HY, Huang CH, Lu SH, Kuo IT, Chau LK (2014) Direct detection of orchid viruses using nanorod-based fiber optic particle plasmon resonance immunosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 51:371–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.08.009
Liu G, Guo W, Song D (2014a) A multianalyte electrochemical immunosensor based on patterned carbon nanotubes modified substrates for detection of pesticides. Biosens Bioelectron 52:360–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.09.009
Liu X et al (2014b) A label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on gold nanoparticles for direct detection of atrazine. Sens Actuators B Chem 191:408–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.10.033
Liu L et al (2015) Construction of an impedimetric immunosensor for label-free detecting carbofuran residual in agricultural and environmental samples. Food Control 53:72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.01.009
Liu N et al (2017) An ultrasensitive amperometric immunosensor for zearalenones based on oriented antibody immobilization on a glassy carbon electrode modified with MWCNTs and AuPt nanoparticles. Microchim Acta 184:147–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-016-1996-z
Liu Q et al (2021) Preparation of nanostructured PDMS film as flexible immunosensor for cortisol analysis in human sweat. Anal Chim Acta 1184:339010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2021.339010
Liu J et al (2022) An electrochemical immunosensor for simultaneous detection of two lung cancer markers based on electroactive probes. J Electroanal Chem 919:116559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116559
Luna-Moreno D et al (2019) Early detection of the fungal banana black sigatoka pathogen Pseudocercospora fijiensis by an SPR immunosensor method. Sensors 19:465. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19030465
Luo Y et al (2018) SWCNTs@ GQDs composites as nanocarriers for enzyme-free dual-signal amplification electrochemical immunoassay of cancer biomarker. Anal Chim Acta 1042:44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2018.08.023
Luppa PB, Sokoll LJ, Chan DW (2001) Immunosensors-principles and applications to clinical chemistry. Clin Chim Acta 314:1–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-8981(01)00629-5
Lv M et al (2018) Engineering nanomaterials-based biosensors for food safety detection. Biosens Bioelectron 106:122–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.01.049
Ma H, ÓFágáin C, ƠKennedy R (2020) Antibody stability: a key to performance—analysis, influences and improvement. Biochim 177:213–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2020.08.019
Magar HS et al (2023) Fast analysis of Staphylococcus aureus in food products using disposable label-free nano-electrochemical immunosensor chips. Microchem J 193:109097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2023.109097
Majdinasab M et al (2017) An overview on recent progress in electrochemical biosensors for antimicrobial drug residues in animal-derived food. Sensors 17:1947. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17091947
Maleki F, Rashidi MR, Razmi H, Ghorbani M (2023) Label-free electrochemical immunosensor for detection of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) using a specific monoclonal receptor on electrospun Zein-based nanofibers/rGO-modified electrode. Talanta 265:124844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124844
Malekinejad H, Rezabakhsh A (2015) Hormones in dairy foods and their impact on public health-a narrative review article. Iran J Public Health 44:742
Malhotra BD, Srivastava S, Ali MA, Singh C (2014) Nanomaterial-based biosensors for food toxin detection. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 174:880–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-0993-0
Martins TS, Bott-Neto JL, Oliveira ON, Machado SAS (2022) A sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor based on Au-rGO composite for CA15-3 tumor marker detection. Microchim Acta 189:38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-021-05145-w
Melo AMA et al (2021) Performance of an amperometric immunosensor assembled on carboxymethylated cashew gum for Salmonella detection. Microchem J 167:106268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.106268
Mishra M et al (2020) Development of a diatom-based photoluminescent immunosensor for the early detection of Karnal bunt disease of wheat crop. ACS Omega 5:8251–8257. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c00551
Moon J et al (2018) On-site detection of aflatoxin B1 in grains by a palm-sized surface plasmon resonance sensor. Sensors 18:598. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020598
Mradula RR, Devi S, Mishra S (2020) Antibody-labeled gold nanoparticles based immunosensor for the detection of thyroxine hormone. Anal Sci 36:799–806. https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.19P418
Muratova IS, Kartsova LA, Mikhelson KN (2015) Voltammetric vs. potentiometric sensing of dopamine: advantage sand disadvantages, novel cell designs, fundamental limitations and promising options. Sens Actuators B Chem 207:900–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.07.034
Muthukumar D, Shtenberg G (2023) SERS-based immunosensor for E. coli contaminants detection in milk using silver-coated nanoporous silicon substrates. Talanta 254:124132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124132
Mutreja R et al (2016) Novel surface antigen based impedimetric immunosensor for detection of Salmonella typhimurium in water and juice samples. Biosens Bioelectron 85:707–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.05.079
Naresh V, Lee N (2021) A review on biosensors and recent development of nanostructured materials-enabled biosensors. Sensors 21:1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041109
Nie R, Xu X, Cui X, Chen Y, Yang L (2019) A highly sensitive capillary-based immunosensor by combining with peroxidase nanocomplex-mediated signal amplification for detection of procalcitonin in human serum. ACS Omega 4:6210–6217. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b00249
Ocaña C et al (2015) A novel electrochemical aptamer–antibody sandwich assay for lysozyme detection. Analyst 140:4148–4153. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5AN00243E
Oerke EC (2020) Remote sensing of diseases. Annu Rev Phytopathol 58:225–252. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012832
Oh SJ et al (2019) An electrochemical immunosensing system on patterned electrodes for immunoglobulin E detection. Anal Methods 11:4410–4415. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9AY01257E
Ozcan HM, Aydin UD (2021) A simple immunosensor for thyroid stimulating hormone. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 49:61–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2020.1867153
Pacheco JG, Silva MSV, Freitas M, Nouws HPA, Delerue-Matos C (2018) Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the point-of-care detection of a breast cancer biomarker (CA 15–3). Sens Actuators B Chem 256:905–912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.10.027
Park M et al (2020) Electrochemical immunosensor for human IgE using ferrocene self-assembled monolayers modified ITO electrode. Biosensors 10:38. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10040038
Patel M, Agrawal M, Srivastava A (2022) Signal amplification strategies in electrochemical biosensors via antibody immobilization and nanomaterial-based transducers. Mater Adv 3:8864. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2MA00427E
Pérez-Fernández B et al (2019) A monoclonal antibody-based immunosensor for the electrochemical detection of imidacloprid pesticide. Analyst 144:2936–2941. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9AN00176J
Pérez-Fernández B et al (2020) Direct competitive immunosensor for Imidacloprid pesticide detection on gold nanoparticle-modified electrodes. Talanta 209:120465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120465
Pérez-Fernández B et al (2023) Development, optimization and validation of an electrochemical immunosensor for determination of total aflatoxins in pistachio. Food Control 152:109859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109859
Pérez-López B, Merkoçi A (2011) Nanomaterials based biosensors for food analysis applications. Trends Food Sci Technol 22:625–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2011.04.001
Poltronieri P, Mezzolla V, Primiceri E, Maruccio G (2014) Biosensors for the detection of food pathogens. Foods 3:511–526. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods3030511
Prusty AK, Bhand S (2020) A capacitive immunosensor for tetracycline estimation using antibody modified polytyramine-alkanethiol ultra-thin film on gold. J Electroanal Chem 863:114055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114055
Qu L et al (2021) Detection of three different estrogens in milk employing SPR sensors based on double signal amplification using graphene. Food Anal Methods 14:54–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-020-01852-x
Rama EC, Costa-García A (2016) Screen-printed electrochemical immunosensors for the detection of cancer and cardiovascular biomarkers. Electroanalysis 28:1700–1715. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201600126
Razali H et al (2022) Development of an electrochemical immunosensor strip for early detection of rice bacterial leaf blight (blb) disease and its application on a portable device. Malaysian J Anal Sci 26:1191–1204
Rebelo R et al (2019) 3D biosensors in advanced medical diagnostics of high mortality diseases. Biosens Bioelectron 30:20–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.12.057
Regiart M et al (2017) Development of a nanostructured immunosensor for early and in situ detection of Xanthomonas arboricola in agricultural food production. Talanta 175:535–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2017.07.086
Rehmat Z, Mohammed WS, Sadiq MB, Somarapalli M, Anal AK (2019) Ochratoxin A detection in coffee by competitive inhibition assay using chitosan-based surface plasmon resonance compact system. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 174:569–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.11.060
Ren M et al (2023) Computer vision-assisted smartphone microscope imaging digital immunosensor based on click chemistry-mediated microsphere counting technology for the detection of aflatoxin B1 in peanuts. Anal Chim Acta 1278:341687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2023.341687
Reynoso EC, Torres E, Bettazzi F, Palchetti I (2019) Trends and perspectives in immunosensors for determination of currently-used pesticides: the case of glyphosate, organophosphates, and neonicotinoids. Biosensors 9:20. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios9010020
Saxena K et al (2022) Electrochemical immunosensor for detection of H. pylori secretory protein vaca on g-c3n4/ZnO nanocomposite-modified au electrode. ACS Omega 7:32292–32301. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c03627
Scallan E et al (2011) Foodborne illness acquired in the United States-major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 17:7–15. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1701.P11101
Sekar M, Pandiaraj M, Bhansali S, Ponpandian N, Viswanathan C (2019) Carbon fiber based electrochemical sensor for sweat cortisol measurement. Sci Rep 9:403. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37243-w
Serafín V, Martínez-García G, Agüí L, Yáñez-Sedeño P, Pingarrón JM (2014) Multiplexed determination of human growth hormone and prolactin at a label free electrochemical immunosensor using dual carbon nanotube–screen printed electrodes modified with gold and PEDOT nanoparticles. Analyst 139:4556–4563. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4AN00221K
Servarayan KL et al (2023) Optical immunosensor for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food matrixes. ACS Omega 8:15979–15989. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c07848
Servos MR et al (2005) Distribution of estrogens, 17β-estradiol and estrone, in Canadian municipal wastewater treatment plants. Sci Total Environ 336:155–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.05.025
Sha Y et al (2016) A label-free multi-functionalized graphene oxide based electrochemiluminscence immunosensor for ultrasensitive and rapid detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seawater and seafood. Talanta 147:220–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.09.058
Shah M, Kolhe P, Roberts A, Shrikrishna NS, Gandhi S (2022) Ultrasensitive immunosensing of Penicillin G in food samples using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) decorated electrode surface. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 219:112812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112812
Sharma S, Byrne H, ƠKennedy RJ (2016) Antibodies and antibody-derived analytical biosensors. Essays Biochem 60:9–18. https://doi.org/10.1042/EBC20150002
Shrikrishna NS, Kolhe P, Gandhi S (2024) Sensitive detection of monocrotophos using a voltametric immunosensor with randomly layered graphene oxide (GO) on fabricated electrode. J Environ Chem Eng 12:112059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2024.112059
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A (2021) Cancer statistics, 2021. Ca Cancer J Clin 71:7–33. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21654
Singh AC, Bacher G, Bhand S (2017) A label free immunosensor for ultrasensitive detection of 17β-estradiol in water. Electrochim Acta 232:30–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.02.120
Soares RR et al (2020) Laser-induced graphene electrochemical immunosensors for rapid and label-free monitoring of Salmonella enterica in chicken broth. ACS Sens 5:1900–1911. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.9b02345
Soares MS et al (2022) Label-free plasmonic immunosensor for cortisol detection in a D-shaped optical fiber. Biomed Opt Express 13:3259–3274. https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.456253
Song D et al (2023) Universal and rapid detection of atrazine and bisphenol A using a reusable optical fiber chemiluminescent biosensor. Talanta 255:124252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124252
Starzec K et al (2020) Employment of electrostriction phenomenon for label-free electrochemical immunosensing of tetracycline. Bioelectrochem 132:107405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107405
Stevenson HS et al (2019) Ultrasensitive and rapid-response sensor for the electrochemical detection of antibiotic residues within meat samples. ACS Omega 4:6324–6330. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b03534
Su Z et al (2020) Preparation of porous thiolated polymer nanocomposite for construction of sensitive and selective phytohormone amperometric immunosensor. Microchem J 153:104380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.104380
Su Z et al (2021) Electrochemically-assisted deposition of toluidine blue-functionalized metal-organic framework films for electrochemical immunosensing of Indole-3-acetic acid. J Electroanal Chem 880:114855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114855
Sun B et al (2014) Ultrasensitive photoelectrochemical immunoassay of indole-3-acetic acid based on the MPA modified CdS/RGO nanocomposites decorated ITO electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 51:164–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.07.027
Sun C et al (2020) Development of a ZnCdS@ ZnS quantum dots–based label-free electrochemiluminescence immunosensor for sensitive determination of aflatoxin B 1 in lotus seed. Microchim Acta 187:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-020-4179-x
Sun Y et al (2021) Competitive immunosensor for sensitive and optical anti-interference detection of imidacloprid by surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Food Chem 358:129898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129898
Sun J et al (2023) Highly sensitive and quantitative fluorescent strip immunosensor based on an independent control system for rapid detection of tetrodotoxin in shellfish. Food Control 145:109403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109403
Surribas A, Barthelmebs L, Noguer T (2021) Monoclonal antibody-based immunosensor for the electrochemical detection of chlortoluron herbicide in groundwaters. Biosensors 11:513. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11120513
Szymanska B, Lukaszewski Z, Hermanowicz-Szamatowicz K, Gorodkiewicz E (2020) An immunosensor for the determination of carcinoembryonic antigen by Surface Plasmon Resonance imaging. Anal Biochem 609:113964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2020.113964
Tan F et al (2011) A PDMS microfluidic impedance immunosensor for E. coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus detection via antibody-immobilized nanoporous membrane. Sens Actuators B Chem 159:328–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2011.06.074
Tang S et al (2024) Highly sensitive electrochemical immunosensor based on SiO2 nanospheres for detection of EGFR as colorectal cancer biomarker. Alex Eng J 89:53–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2024.01.016
Tian L et al (2023) Sweat cortisol determination utilizing MXene and multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite functionalized immunosensor. Microchem J 185:108172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2022.108172
Traipop S, Jampasa S, Tangkijvanich P, Chuaypen N, Chailapakul O (2023) Dual-label vertical flow-based electrochemical immunosensor for rapid and simultaneous detection of hepatitis B surface and e virus antigens. Sens Actuators B Chem 387:133769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2023.133769
Trilling AK, Beekwilder J, Zuilhof H (2013) Antibody orientation on biosensor surfaces: a minireview. Analyst 138:1619–1627. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2AN36787D
Vaid K, Dhiman J, Kumar S, Kumar V (2023) Citrate and glutathione capped gold nanoparticles for electrochemical immunosensing of atrazine: effect of conjugation chemistry. Environ Res 217:114855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114855
Valekunja RB et al (2016) The detection of papaya ringspot virus coat protein using an electrochemical immunosensor. Anal Methods 8:8534–8541. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6AY02201D
Verma N, Prajapati P, Tiwari BS, Pandya A (2023) Exploring shape-dependent nanomatrix immobilization strategy for developing a PAMV viral electrochemical immunosensor. Potato Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11540-023-09635-7
Viswanathan S, Rani C, Ho JA (2012) Electrochemical immunosensor for multiplexed detection of food-borne pathogens using nanocrystal bioconjugates and MWCNT screen-printed electrode. Talanta 94:315–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2012.03.049
Wang X et al (2015) A competitive photoelectrochemical immunosensor based on a CdS-induced signal amplification strategy for the ultrasensitive detection of dexamethasone. Sci Rep 5:17945. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep17945
Wang H et al (2018) Rapid and sensitive detection of Campylobacter jejuni in poultry products using a nanoparticle-based piezoelectric immunosensor integrated with magnetic immunoseparation. J Food Prot 81:321–1330. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-17-381
Wang H et al (2019) Electrochemical immunosensor based on an antibody-hierarchical mesoporous SiO2 for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus. RSC Adv 9:16278–16287. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA00907H
Wang K et al (2022a) Review of electrochemical biosensors for food safety detection. Biosensors 12:959. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12110959
Wang X, Luo Y, Huang K, Cheng N (2022b) Biosensor for agriculture and food safety: recent advances and future perspectives. Adv Agrochem 2022:3–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aac.2022.08.002
Wang A et al (2023) Electrochemical immunosensor for ultrasensitive detection of human papillomaviruse type 16 L1 protein based on Ag@ AuNPs-GO/SPA. Anal Biochem 660:114953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2022.114953
Wang W, Tang H, Zhou L, Li Z (2024) A novel label-free electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of thyroid transcription factor 1 using ribbon-like tungsten disulfide-reduced graphene oxide nanohybrids and gold nanoparticles. Molecules 29:552. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29020552
Wignarajah S, Chianella I, Tothill IE (2023) Development of electrochemical immunosensors for HER-1 and HER-2 analysis in serum for breast cancer patients. Biosensors 13:355. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13030355
Wu X et al (2012) Paper supported immunosensor for detection of antibiotics. Biosens Bioelectron 33:309–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2012.01.017
Wu H et al (2014) Amperometric immunosensor based on covalent immobilization of new methylene blue and penicillin polyclonal antibody for determination of penicillin G in milk. Anal Methods 6:497–502. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3AY41624K
Wu H, Zhang G, Yang X (2023) Electrochemical immunosensor based on Fe3O4/MWCNTs-COOH/AuNPs nanocomposites for trace liver cancer marker alpha-fetoprotein detection. Talanta 259:124492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124492
Wu CC et al (2024a) Rapid detection of mango allergen in processed foods using an immunomagnetic nanoparticle-based electrochemical immunosensor. Microchem J 198:110070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2024.110070
Wu F et al (2024b) A novel ratiometric electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of cancer antigen 125 based on three-dimensional carbon nanomaterial and MOFs. Microchem J 200:110372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2024.110372
Xing G et al (2021) A probe-free electrochemical immunosensor for methyl jasmonate based on ferrocene functionalized-carboxylated graphene-multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposites. Talanta 232:122477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122477
Xing G et al (2022) A probe-free electrochemical immunosensor for methyl jasmonate based on a Cu-MOF-carboxylated graphene oxide platform. RSC Adv 12:16688. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA07683C
Xu L et al (2024) Electrochemical immunosensor based on antibody-oriented probe for the detection of AFB1 in rice bran oil. J Food Compos Anal 130:106198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2024.106198
Xue R, Kang T, Rui X (2024) Electrochemical immunosensors for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid based on 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane modified electrodes. Camb Sci Adv 2024:1–9. https://doi.org/10.62852/csa/2024/1
Yan Q et al (2023) Construction of an electrochemical immunosensor based on the OER signal of Au@ CoFe-(oxy) hydroxide for ultrasensitive detection of CEA. J Electroanal Chem 935:117327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117327
Yang K, Hu Y, Dong N (2016) A novel biosensor based on competitive SERS immunoassay and magnetic separation for accurate and sensitive detection of chloramphenicol. Biosens Bioelectron 80:373–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.064
Yin WJ et al (2023) A highly sensitive electrochemical immunosensor based on electrospun nanocomposite for the detection of parathion. Food Chem 404:134371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134371
You Y et al (2023) An ultrasensitive probe-free electrochemical immunosensor for gibberellins employing polydopamine-antibody nanoparticles modified electrode. Bioelectrochem 150:108331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108331
Zhan K et al (2024) A novel metal–organic framework based electrochemical immunosensor for the rapid detection of Salmonella typhimurium detection in milk. Food Chem 444:138672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138672
Zhang S et al (2014) Metal ions-based immunosensor for simultaneous determination of estradiol and diethylstilbestrol. Biosens Bioelectron 52:225–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.08.042
Zhang X et al (2016) A novel electrochemical immunosensor for highly sensitive detection of aflatoxin B1 in corn using single-walled carbon nanotubes/chitosan. Food Chem 192:197–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.06.044
Zhang Z et al (2019) A competitive immunosensor for ultrasensitive detection of sulphonamides from environmental waters using silver nanoparticles decorated single-walled carbon nanohorns as labels. Chemosphere 225:282–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.033
Zhao Y et al (2021) Cell-based fluorescent microsphere incorporated with carbon dots as a sensitive immunosensor for the rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157 in milk. Biosens Bioelectron 179:113057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2021.113057
Zhou Y, Xu Z, Wang M, Meng X, Yin H (2013) Electrochemical immunoassay platform for high sensitivity detection of indole-3-acetic acid. Electrochim Acta 96:66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.02.046
Zumpano R et al (2022) Label-free magnetic nanoparticles-based electrochemical immunosensor for atrazine detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 414:2055–2064. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03838-y
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank University of Hradec Kralove and King Saud University, for allowing the current study to conduct and complete.
Funding
King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, supported this research (RSP-2022/59), along with the Czech Republic (PrF UHK 2205/2024–2025 and MH CZ—DRO (UHHK, 00179906)) and VEGA Project 1/0482/ 20).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
HK contributed to writing, data gathering, and editing. RD contributed to data gathering, and review editing. SG contributed to review editing. RC contributed to conceptualization, and editing. PP contributed to data gathering, and editing. DSD contributed to figure designing, and editing. CC contributed to contributed to figure designing, and editing. NS contributed to writing, and editing. AKP contributed to writing, and editing. DK contributed to editing. NK contributed to editing. TK contributed to editing. MV contributed to conceptualization, and editing. SM contributed to conceptualization, editing, and supervision. SYA contributed to conceptualization, editing, and funding acquisition. DK contributed to conceptualization, editing, and supervision. KK contributed to conceptualization, editing, supervision, and funding acquisition.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Consent for publication
Not applicable for this study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kumar, H., Dhalaria, R., Guleria, S. et al. Immunosensors in food, health, environment, and agriculture: a review. Environ Chem Lett (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-024-01745-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-024-01745-z