This paper provides data from a regional dialect of Persian, Hamedanian Persian, where a verb is grammaticalized to be used as epistemic modality marker, frequently used in interrogatives. The verb didan, objectively means ‘to see’, but subjectivized in many instances to mean ‘understand’. However, in this dialect, bini, originally the subjunctive second person singular form of the verb didan ‘to see’, is used as epistemic marker. It is used in content and polar questions, where uncertainty is a common feature. Our fieldwork data show that the verb didan is used rarely to mean ‘to see’ and it extended to mark epistemic modality, used as probability marker. This modal marker is only used in questions, which share the stance of uncertainty with epistemic markers. The various features of this grammaticalization path are discussed and an explanation based on egophoricity is provided.

中文翻译：

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从动词到认知标记：哈马达波斯语中的 bini

本文提供了来自波斯语哈马达波斯语的地区方言的数据，其中动词被语法化以用作认知模态标记，经常用于疑问句。动词迪丹，客观地意味着“看到”，但在许多情况下主观地意味着“理解”。然而，在这个方言中，比尼，最初是动词的虚拟第二人称单数形式迪丹“看到”被用作认知标记。它用于内容和极性问题，其中不确定性是一个共同特征。我们的实地调查数据表明，动词迪丹很少用来表示“看到”，它扩展为标记认知模态，用作概率标记。该情态标记仅用于与认知标记共享不确定性立场的问题。讨论了这种语法化路径的各种特征，并提供了基于自我意识的解释。