Lead halide perovskites are promising semiconducting materials for solar energy harvesting. However, the presence of heavy-metal lead ions is problematic when considering potential harmful leakage into the environment from broken cells and also from a public acceptance point of view. Moreover, strict legislation on the use of lead around the world has driven innovation in the development of strategies for recycling end-of-life products by means of environmentally friendly and cost-effective routes. Lead immobilization is a strategy to transform water-soluble lead ions into insoluble, nonbioavailable and nontransportable forms over large pH and temperature ranges and to suppress lead leakage if the devices are damaged. An ideal methodology should ensure sufficient lead-chelating capability without substantially influencing the device performance, production cost and recycling. Here we analyse chemical approaches to immobilize Pb²⁺ from perovskite solar cells, such as grain isolation, lead complexation, structure integration and adsorption of leaked lead, based on their feasibility to suppress lead leakage to a minimal level. We highlight the need for a standard lead-leakage test and related mathematical model to be established for the reliable evaluation of the potential environmental risk of perovskite optoelectronics.

卤化铅钙钛矿是用于太阳能收集的有前景的半导体材料。然而，当考虑到破碎的电池可能有害地泄漏到环境中以及从公众接受的角度来看，重金属铅离子的存在是有问题的。此外，世界各地对铅使用的严格立法推动了通过环保和具有成本效益的途径回收报废产品的战略制定的创新。铅固定化是一种在较大 pH 值和温度范围内将水溶性铅离子转化为不溶性、不可生物利用和不可迁移形式的策略，并在设备损坏时抑制铅泄漏。理想的方法应确保足够的铅螯合能力，而不会显着影响器件性能、生产成本和回收。在这里，我们分析了固定钙钛矿太阳能电池中 Pb ²⁺的化学方法，例如晶粒分离、铅络合、结构集成和泄漏铅的吸附，基于它们将铅泄漏抑制到最低水平的可行性。我们强调需要建立标准的铅泄漏测试和相关的数学模型，以可靠地评估钙钛矿光电器件的潜在环境风险。