Compared with traditionally cultured ginseng, hydroponic ginseng (HG) contains more remarkable bioactive compounds, which are known to exert diverse functional effects. This study aimed to enhance the multifunctional effects, including the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimelanogenic effects, exhibited by fermented HG with Bacillus strains, such as Bacillus subtilis KU43, Bacillus subtilis KU201, Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD, and Bacillus polyfermenticus KU3, at 37 °C for 48 h. After fermentation by B. subtilis KU201, the antioxidant activity, determined using ABTS and FRAP assays, increased from 25.30% to 51.34% and from 132.10% to 236.27%, respectively, accompanied by the enhancement of the phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The inflammation induced in RAW 264.7 cells by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was ameliorated with fermented HG, which regulated the nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), and proinflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6). The treatment with fermented HG inhibited the melanin accumulation in B16F10 cells induced by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) by controlling the concentrations of melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity. These results indicate that the HG exhibited stronger antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimelanogenic effects after fermentation. Consequently, HG fermented by Bacillus strains can potentially be used as an ingredient in cosmetological and pharmaceutical applications.

中文翻译：

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芽孢杆菌发酵水培人参提高抗氧化、抗炎和抗黑色素生成作用

与传统栽培的人参相比，水培人参（HG）含有更显着的生物活性化合物，已知其具有多种功能作用。本研究旨在增强发酵 HG 与枯草芽孢杆菌KU43、枯草芽孢杆菌KU201 、多发酵芽孢杆菌SCD 和多发酵芽孢杆菌KU3等芽孢杆菌菌株所表现出的多功能作用，包括抗氧化、抗炎和抗黑色素生成作用，在 37 °C 48 小时。经枯草芽孢杆菌发酵后使用 ABTS 和 FRAP 测定法测定的 KU201 的抗氧化活性分别从 25.30% 提高到 51.34% 和从 132.10% 提高到 236.27%，伴随着酚类化合物和黄酮类化合物的增强。发酵 HG 可改善脂多糖 (LPS) 在 RAW 264.7 细胞中引起的炎症，发酵 HG 可调节一氧化氮 (NO)、前列腺素 E ₂ (PGE ₂) 和促炎标志物（肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF)-α 和白细胞介素 (IL)-1β 和 IL-6）。发酵 HG 处理通过控制黑色素合成浓度和酪氨酸酶活性来抑制由 α-黑色素细胞刺激素 (α-MSH) 诱导的 B16F10 细胞中黑色素的积累。这些结果表明，HG在发酵后表现出更强的抗氧化、抗炎和抗黑色素生成作用。因此，由芽孢杆菌菌株发酵的 HG可潜在地用作美容和药物应用中的成分。