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Hot and cold marine extreme events in the Mediterranean over the period 1982-2021
Frontiers in Marine Science ( IF 2.8 ) Pub Date : 2022-08-11 , DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.892201
Amelie Simon , Sandra M. Plecha , Ana Russo , Ana Teles-Machado , Markus G. Donat , Pierre-Amael Auger , Ricardo M. Trigo

Marine temperature extremes are anomalous ocean temperature events, often persisting over several weeks or longer, with potential impacts on physical and ecological processes that often encompass socio-economic implications. In recent years, a considerable effort has been directed at the development of metrics allowing an objective characterization of both marine heatwaves (MHWs) and marine cold spells (MCSs). However, the majority of these metrics do not consider explicitly the spatial extent of the events. Here, we rank and evaluate the relative importance of marine temperature extreme events thanks to a metric, called activity, that combines the number of events, duration, intensity and spatial extent. According to this definition, in the Mediterranean basin between 1982 and 2021, summer 2018 experienced slightly more MHW activity than summer 2003, documented as an exceptional extreme event. Besides, MHW activities were higher in the last two decades while winter MCS activities were higher in the 1980s-1990s. The highest MHW activities occurred preferentially in the western Mediterranean while the strongest MCS activities took place preferentially in the eastern Mediterranean. Moreover, the duration, mean intensity, and activity of the three strongest MHWs are twice as high as those of the three strongest MCSs. The long-term tendency of extreme events activity shows an accelerated increase for summer MHWs (about +150°C.days.10⁶km²) and a linear decrease for winter MCSs in the Mediterranean (about -60°C.days.10⁶km²) over the last four decades.



中文翻译:

1982-2021 年期间地中海的冷热海洋极端事件

海洋极端温度是异常的海洋温度事件,通常持续数周或更长时间,对通常包含社会经济影响的物理和生态过程具有潜在影响。近年来,人们在开发能够客观表征海洋热浪 (MHW) 和海洋寒潮 (MCS) 的指标方面付出了相当大的努力。然而,这些指标中的大多数都没有明确考虑事件的空间范围。在这里,我们通过一个称为活动的指标对海洋温度极端事件的相对重要性进行排名和评估,该指标结合了事件的数量、持续时间、强度和空间范围。根据这个定义,在 1982 年至 2021 年间,在地中海盆地,2018 年夏季的 MHW 活动比 2003 年夏季稍多,被记录为异常极端事件。此外,MHW 活动在过去 20 年较高,而冬季 MCS 活动在 1980 年代至 1990 年代较高。最高的 MHW 活动优先发生在西地中海,而最强的 MCS 活动优先发生在东地中海。此外,三个最强 MHW 的持续时间、平均强度和活动度是三个最强 MCS 的两倍。极端事件活动的长期趋势显示,夏季MHWs(约+150°C.days.10⁶km²)加速增加,而地中海冬季MCSs(约-60°C.days.10⁶km²)线性减少。过去四个十年。MHW 活动在过去二十年中较高,而冬季 MCS 活动在 1980 年代至 1990 年代较高。最高的 MHW 活动优先发生在西地中海,而最强的 MCS 活动优先发生在东地中海。此外,三个最强 MHW 的持续时间、平均强度和活动度是三个最强 MCS 的两倍。极端事件活动的长期趋势显示,夏季MHWs(约+150°C.days.10⁶km²)加速增加,而地中海冬季MCSs(约-60°C.days.10⁶km²)线性减少。过去四个十年。MHW 活动在过去二十年中较高,而冬季 MCS 活动在 1980 年代至 1990 年代较高。最高的 MHW 活动优先发生在西地中海,而最强的 MCS 活动优先发生在东地中海。此外,三个最强 MHW 的持续时间、平均强度和活动度是三个最强 MCS 的两倍。极端事件活动的长期趋势显示,夏季MHWs(约+150°C.days.10⁶km²)加速增加,而地中海冬季MCSs(约-60°C.days.10⁶km²)线性减少。过去四个十年。最高的 MHW 活动优先发生在西地中海,而最强的 MCS 活动优先发生在东地中海。此外,三个最强 MHW 的持续时间、平均强度和活动度是三个最强 MCS 的两倍。极端事件活动的长期趋势显示,夏季MHWs(约+150°C.days.10⁶km²)加速增加,而地中海冬季MCSs(约-60°C.days.10⁶km²)线性减少。过去四个十年。最高的 MHW 活动优先发生在西地中海,而最强的 MCS 活动优先发生在东地中海。此外,三个最强 MHW 的持续时间、平均强度和活动度是三个最强 MCS 的两倍。极端事件活动的长期趋势显示,夏季MHWs(约+150°C.days.10⁶km²)加速增加,而地中海冬季MCSs(约-60°C.days.10⁶km²)线性减少。过去四个十年。

更新日期:2022-08-11
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