Sports Medicine ( IF 9.3 ) Pub Date : 2022-08-06 , DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01732-w Graeme G Sorbie 1 , Alexander J Beaumont 2 , Ashley K Williams 1 , David Lavallee 1
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Background
No previous systematic review has examined the physical health benefits of playing golf or caddying.
Objective
To establish the influence of golf participation and physical health in golfers and caddies. More specifically, the review intended to explore the domains of cardiovascular, metabolic and musculoskeletal health, in addition to body composition.
Design
Systematic review.
Data Sources
Electronic literature searches were conducted using PubMed, SPORTDiscus and CINAHL databases in July 2021.
Eligibility Criteria
Experimental (randomised controlled trials, quasi-experiment, pre-post) and non-experimental (case–control, cross-sectional, cohort) articles relating to health and golf, written in English and published in peer-reviewed journals.
Results
Of the 572 articles initially identified, 109 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility with 23 meeting the inclusion criteria. Sixteen articles were rated ‘good 'and seven ‘fair’. The influence of golf on physical health was mixed, although various articles displayed improvements in balance, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and the ratio of HDL to total cholesterol within golfers. Caddies observed improvements in bone mineral density (BMD), stiffness index and strength. Most of the findings indicate that playing golf or caddying does not influence body mass index (BMI); however, playing golf can positively change other body composition markers such as lean and fat mass.
Conclusion
This review demonstrated that golf participation may be an effective method for improving musculoskeletal and cardiovascular health, although mixed findings were observed. Moreover, limited longitudinal evidence suggests that playing golf can positively impact metabolic health and the influence on body composition may be parameter dependent. Additionally, the initial evidence suggests that caddying may improve musculoskeletal health. However, the studies included were limited by their methodological inconsistencies such as: study design, participant demographics and intervention prescription.
PROSPERO Registration
CRD42021267664.
中文翻译：
高尔夫与身体健康：系统回顾
背景
以前没有系统评价检查过打高尔夫球或当球童对身体健康的好处。
客观的
确定高尔夫参与和身体健康对高尔夫球手和球童的影响。更具体地说，该综述旨在探索心血管、代谢和肌肉骨骼健康领域，以及身体成分。
设计
系统审查。
数据源
电子文献检索于 2021 年 7 月使用 PubMed、SPORTDiscus 和 CINAHL 数据库进行。
资格标准
与健康和高尔夫相关的实验性（随机对照试验、准实验、事后）和非实验性（病例对照、横断面、队列）文章，以英文撰写并发表在同行评审期刊上。
结果
在最初确定的 572 篇文章中，对 109 篇全文文章进行了资格评估，其中 23 篇符合纳入标准。十六篇文章被评为“好”，七篇“一般”。高尔夫对身体健康的影响参差不齐，尽管各种文章显示平衡、收缩压 (SBP) 和舒张压 (DBP)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL-C) 以及 HDL 与总胆固醇的比率有所改善在高尔夫球手中。球童观察到骨矿物质密度 (BMD)、刚度指数和强度有所改善。大多数研究结果表明，打高尔夫球或当球童不会影响体重指数 (BMI)；然而，打高尔夫球可以积极改变其他身体成分指标，例如瘦体重和脂肪量。
结论
这篇综述表明，尽管观察到的结果不一，但参加高尔夫运动可能是改善肌肉骨骼和心血管健康的有效方法。此外，有限的纵向证据表明，打高尔夫球可以对代谢健康产生积极影响，并且对身体成分的影响可能取决于参数。此外，初步证据表明，球童可以改善肌肉骨骼健康。然而，纳入的研究受到方法学不一致的限制，例如：研究设计、参与者人口统计和干预处方。
PROSPERO注册
CRD42021267664。
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