The study aimed at assessing the spring water within Igbo-Etiti, Nigeria, for drinking and irrigation applications using physicochemical parameters, water quality index, mineral and trace elements, pollution indices, and risk assessment. Standard methods were used to determine the physicochemical properties of the spring water in rainy and dry seasons. Trace metals such as Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu were determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that most of the physicochemical properties studied were within the guideline values set by Nigeria Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ), WHO and US EPA for drinking water purposes. However, pH of all the spring water (4.27–4.73; and 4.95–5.73) for dry and rainy seasons, respectively, were slightly acidic. Lead (Pb) (0.01–1.08 mg/L) and cadmium (Cd) (0.01–0.15 mg/L) concentrations were above the guideline values in both seasons. This could be attributed to the lithology of the study area which is Nsukka FORMATION. Leaching of lead and sulphides from the embedded coal deposits could be responsible for the increased lead levels and made the water acidic. The mineral and trace elements examined were within WHO and NSDWQ limits for drinking water except Cd and Pb. The permeability index and other irrigation indices showed that all the spring water was suitable for irrigation purposes. The pollution index suggested that the pollution level of all the samples in the dry season was insignificant (PIS < 1). Two-way ANOVA showed significant differences in most of the parameters studied in the dry and rainy seasons. Pearson correlation analysis and cluster analysis showed strong significant positive and negative correlations in some of the parameters studied in both seasons. The water quality index showed that none of the spring water had excellent water status. However, one spring (Iyi Ase) had poor water status in dry season and is considered unsafe for drinking. Iyi Ase was also considered not suitable for irrigation application as predicted by most of the pollution indices, while others were generally considered suitable for irrigation application. Probable cancer and non-cancer risk assessment revealed a probable risk associated with the consumption of the spring in Igbo-Ettiti area, Nigeria.

该研究旨在使用物理化学参数、水质指数、矿物质和微量元素、污染指数和风险评估来评估尼日利亚伊博埃蒂蒂境内的泉水，用于饮用和灌溉应用。采用标准方法测定雨季和旱季泉水的理化性质。用原子吸收分光光度计测定痕量金属如铅、镉、锌和铜。结果表明，所研究的大多数物理化学性质都在尼日利亚饮用水质量标准 (NSDWQ)、世界卫生组织和美国环保署为饮用水目的设定的指导值范围内。然而，在旱季和雨季，所有泉水的 pH 值（4.27-4.73；和 4.95-5.73）分别为微酸性。铅 (Pb) (0.01–1.08 mg/L) 和镉 (Cd) (0.01–0. 15 mg/L) 浓度在两个季节都高于指导值。这可以归因于研究区的岩性，即 Nsukka 组。从嵌入的煤沉积物中浸出铅和硫化物可能是导致铅含量增加并使水呈酸性的原因。除 Cd 和 Pb 外，检查的矿物质和微量元素均在 WHO 和 NSDWQ 饮用水标准范围内。渗透性指标和其他灌溉指标表明，所有泉水都适合灌溉用途。污染指数表明，旱季所有样品的污染程度不显着（PIS < 1）。双向方差分析显示，在旱季和雨季研究的大多数参数存在显着差异。皮尔逊相关分析和聚类分析表明，在两个季节研究的一些参数中存在强显着的正相关和负相关。水质指标显示，泉水均无优良水质。然而，一泉（Iyi Ase）在旱季水质较差，被认为不安全饮用。正如大多数污染指数所预测的那样，伊伊阿瑟也被认为不适合灌溉应用，而其他污染指数通常被认为适合灌溉应用。可能的癌症和非癌症风险评估揭示了与尼日利亚伊博埃蒂蒂地区春季消费相关的可能风险。然而，一泉（Iyi Ase）在旱季水质较差，被认为不安全饮用。正如大多数污染指数所预测的那样，伊伊阿瑟也被认为不适合灌溉应用，而其他污染指数通常被认为适合灌溉应用。可能的癌症和非癌症风险评估揭示了与尼日利亚伊博埃蒂蒂地区春季消费相关的可能风险。然而，一泉（Iyi Ase）在旱季水质较差，被认为不安全饮用。正如大多数污染指数所预测的那样，伊伊阿瑟也被认为不适合灌溉应用，而其他污染指数通常被认为适合灌溉应用。可能的癌症和非癌症风险评估揭示了与尼日利亚伊博埃蒂蒂地区春季消费相关的可能风险。