The nighttime is undergoing unprecedented change across much of the world, with natural light cycles altered by the introduction of artificial light emissions. Here we review the extent and dynamics of artificial light at night (ALAN), the benefits that ALAN provides, the environmental costs ALAN creates, approaches to mitigating these negative effects, and how costs are likely to change in the future. We particularly highlight the consequences of the increasingly widespread use of light-emitting diode (LED) technology for new lighting installations and to retrofit pre-existing ones. Although this has been characterized as a technological lighting revolution, it also constitutes a revolution in the environmental costs and impacts of ALAN, particularly because the LEDs commonly used for outdoor lighting have significant emissions at the blue wavelengths to which many biological responses are particularly sensitive. It is clear that a very different approach to the use of artificial lighting is required.

中文翻译：

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夜间人造光对环境的影响

世界大部分地区的夜间正在经历前所未有的变化，人工光发射的引入改变了自然光周期。在这里，我们回顾了夜间人造光 (ALAN) 的范围和动态、ALAN 提供的好处、ALAN 造成的环境成本、减轻这些负面影响的方法以及未来成本可能如何变化。我们特别强调发光二极管 (LED) 技术在新照明装置和改造现有照明装置中日益广泛使用的后果。尽管这被认为是一场技术照明革命，但它也构成了环境成本和 ALAN 影响方面的一场革命，特别是因为通常用于户外照明的 LED 在蓝色波长下具有显着的发射，许多生物反应对此特别敏感。显然，需要一种非常不同的方法来使用人工照明。