This paper estimates conditional demand models to examine the impact of immigration and different measures of offshoring on the labour demand and demand elasticities of native workers in four different types of occupational groups: managers/professionals, clerical workers, craft (skilled) workers and manual workers. The analysis is conducted for the period 2008–2017 for four economies Austria, Belgium, France and Spain. Our results point to important and occupation-specific direct and indirect effects: both offshoring – particularly services offshoring – and immigration have negative direct employment effects on all occupations, but native clerks and manual workers are affected the most, and native managers/professionals the least. Our results also identify an important elasticity-channel of immigration and offshoring and show that some groups of native workers can also gain from globalisation through an improvement in their wage-bargaining position. Overall, our results indicate a deterioration in the bargaining power of native manual workers arising from both immigration and offshoring and an improvement in the bargaining position of native craft workers.

本文估计了条件需求模型，以检验移民和离岸外包的不同措施对四种不同职业群体的本地工人的劳动力需求和需求弹性的影响：经理/专业人员、文员、手工艺（技术）工人和体力工人. 该分析针对奥地利、比利时、法国和西班牙四个经济体在 2008-2017 年期间进行。我们的结果指出了重要且特定于职业的直接和间接影响：离岸外包（尤其是服务离岸外包）和移民对所有职业都有负面的直接就业影响，但本地文员和体力劳动者受影响最大，本地经理/专业人士最少. 我们的结果还确定了移民和离岸外包的重要弹性渠道，并表明一些本土工人群体也可以通过改善他们的工资谈判地位从全球化中获益。总体而言，我们的结果表明，由于移民和离岸外包，本地体力劳动者的议价能力下降，而本地手工业者的议价地位有所提高。