Background

Physical properties of water cause physiological changes in the immersed human body compared with the land environment. Understanding the magnitude of cardiorespiratory alterations might ensure adequate intensity control during aquatic exercise programs.

Objective

We aimed to compare the oxygen uptake (VO₂), heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) parameters during aquatic and land incremental tests.

Methods

Four databases (PubMed, LILACS, EMBASE, and SPORTDiscus) were searched in September 2020. Eligibility criteria included studies in a crossover design comparing aquatic and land incremental tests for healthy individuals with at least one of the following parameters: VO₂ (maximal, VO_2max; anaerobic threshold, VO_2AT), HR (HR_max; HR_AT), and RPE (RPE_max; RPE_AT). The random-effects meta-analysis included mean difference and 95% confidence interval for VO₂ and HR or standardized mean difference for RPE. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tool was adapted to assess methodological quality.

Results

Twenty-eight studies were eligible and included in the meta-analysis. Aquatic protocols showed lower values compared with land for VO_2max (− 7.07 mL.kg⁻¹.min⁻¹; − 8.43 to − 5.70; n = 502), VO_2AT (− 6.19 mL.kg⁻¹.min⁻¹; − 7.66 to − 4.73; n = 145), HR_max (− 11.71 bpm; − 13.84 to − 9.58; n = 503), and HR_AT (− 15.29 bpm; − 19.05 to − 11.53; n = 145). RPE_max (0.01; − 0.16 to 0.18; n = 299) and RPE_AT (− 0.67; − 1.35 to 0.02; n = 55) values were similar between aquatic and land protocols.

Conclusions

Our study reinforces the specificity of the environment during incremental tests for prescribing exercises based on physiological parameters as VO₂ and HR parameters presented lower values in aquatic protocols than land protocols. Conversely, RPE seems an interchangeable measure of exercise intensity, with similar values during the protocols in both environments. Substantial levels of heterogeneity were present for the VO_2max and HR_max meta-analyses, and as such, results should be interpreted with attention.

Protocol Registration

This study was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42020212508).

中文翻译：

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健康个体在水生和陆地环境中执行的增量方案之间的心肺参数比较：系统评价和荟萃分析

背景

与陆地环境相比，水的物理特性会导致浸入水中的人体发生生理变化。了解心肺功能改变的幅度可能会确保在水上运动计划中进行适当的强度控制。

客观的

我们旨在比较水生和陆上增量测试期间的摄氧量 (VO ₂ )、心率 (HR) 和感知劳累 (RPE) 参数等级。

方法

2020 年 9 月搜索了四个数据库（PubMed、LILACS、EMBASE 和 SPORTDiscus）。资格标准包括交叉设计中的研究，比较健康个体的水生和陆地增量测试，至少具有以下参数之一：VO ₂（最大，VO _2max；无氧阈值，VO _2AT )，HR (HR _max；HR _AT )，和 RPE (RPE _max；RPE _AT )。随机效应荟萃分析包括 VO ₂和 HR 的平均差和 95% 置信区间或 RPE 的标准化平均差。Joanna Briggs Institute 批判性评估工具适用于评估方法学质量。

结果

28 项研究符合条件并被纳入荟萃分析。与陆地相比，水生方案显示 VO _2max (- 7.07 mL.kg ^-1 .min ^-1 ; - 8.43 至 - 5.70; n  = 502)、VO _2AT (- 6.19 mL.kg ^-1 .min ^-1 ; - 7.66 至 - 4.73；n  = 145），_最大心率（- 11.71 bpm；- 13.84 至 - 9.58；n  = 503）和 HR _AT（- 15.29 bpm；- 19.05 至 - 11.53；n  = 145）。RPE_最大值（0.01；- 0.16 至 0.18；n  = 299）和 RPE _AT（- 0.67；- 1.35 至 0.02；n = 55) 水生协议和陆地协议之间的值相似。

结论

我们的研究在基于生理参数的增量测试中加强了环境的特殊性，因为 VO ₂和 HR 参数在水上协议中的值低于陆地协议。相反，RPE 似乎是一种可互换的运动强度测量方法，在两种环境中的协议期间具有相似的值。_{VO 2max}和 HR _max荟萃分析存在大量异质性，因此，应注意解释结果。

协议注册

该研究已在国际系统评价前瞻性注册库 (PROSPERO; CRD42020212508) 中注册。