Transactional developmental theories propose that poor parenting behaviors contribute to youth substance use, and youth substance use contributes to poor parenting behaviors. However, research aimed at testing these theories has not distinguished: (1) between- and within-person sources of variance; (2) maternal and paternal parenting behaviors; and (3) alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drug use. This study addressed these limitations by investigating the reciprocal associations between maternal and paternal warmth and hostility with alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drug use among justice-involved adolescents, an at-risk population for substance use. 1354 justice-involved adolescents (86.4% male; M_age = 16.04 [SD = 0.14], range = 14–17; 41.4% Black, 33.5% Hispanic, 20.2% White, 4.8% other race/ethnicity) completed self-reports assessing parental warmth, parental hostility, and substance use every six months for 36 months. Random-intercept structural equation models disaggregated between- and within-person associations. At the between-person level, maternal and paternal warmth were negatively associated with alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drug use, whereas maternal and paternal hostility were positively associated with alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drug use. At the within-person level, maternal and paternal warmth predicted decreases in marijuana and other illicit drug use, and paternal warmth predicted decreases in alcohol use six months later. Maternal hostility predicted increases in subsequent marijuana and other illicit drug use. Marijuana and other illicit drug use predicted decreases in subsequent paternal hostility. The results are partially consistent with transactional developmental models proposing recursive influences between parenting behaviors and youth substance use. Evocative effects were in the opposite direction than expected and specific to fathers, such that youth drug use was related to improvements in the father-youth relationship. The results support the potential utility of family-based interventions for substance use among justice-involved adolescents.

交易发展理论认为不良的养育行为会导致青少年物质使用，而青少年物质使用会导致不良的养育行为。然而，旨在检验这些理论的研究并未区分：（1）人际差异和人内差异的来源；(2) 母亲和父亲的养育行为；(3) 酒精、大麻和其他非法药物的使用。本研究通过调查母亲和父亲的温暖和敌意与酒精、大麻和其他非法药物使用之间的相互关联来解决这些限制，这些青少年是物质使用的高危人群。1354 名参与司法的青少年（86.4% 男性；M_年龄 = 16.04 [ SD = 0.14]，范围 = 14–17；41.4% 的黑人、33.5% 的西班牙裔、20.2% 的白人、4.8% 的其他种族/族裔）完成了自我报告，每六个月评估一次父母的温暖、父母的敌意和物质使用，持续 36 个月。随机截距结构方程模型分解了人与人之间的关联。在人与人之间，母亲和父亲的温暖与酒精、大麻和其他非法药物的使用呈负相关，而母亲和父亲的敌意与酒精、大麻和其他非法药物的使用呈正相关。在个人层面，母亲和父亲的温暖预测大麻和其他非法药物使用的减少，而父亲的温暖预测六个月后酒精使用的减少。母亲的敌意预示着随后大麻和其他非法药物使用的增加。大麻和其他非法药物的使用预示着随后的父亲敌意会减少。结果与提出养育行为和青少年物质使用之间递归影响的交易发展模型部分一致。唤起效应的方向与预期相反，并且对父亲来说是特定的，因此青少年吸毒与父子关系的改善有关。结果支持基于家庭的干预措施对参与司法的青少年的物质使用的潜在效用。唤起效应的方向与预期相反，并且对父亲来说是特定的，因此青少年吸毒与父子关系的改善有关。结果支持基于家庭的干预措施对参与司法的青少年的物质使用的潜在效用。唤起效应的方向与预期相反，并且对父亲来说是特定的，因此青少年吸毒与父子关系的改善有关。结果支持基于家庭的干预措施对参与司法的青少年的物质使用的潜在效用。