Abstract
Transactional developmental theories propose that poor parenting behaviors contribute to youth substance use, and youth substance use contributes to poor parenting behaviors. However, research aimed at testing these theories has not distinguished: (1) between- and within-person sources of variance; (2) maternal and paternal parenting behaviors; and (3) alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drug use. This study addressed these limitations by investigating the reciprocal associations between maternal and paternal warmth and hostility with alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drug use among justice-involved adolescents, an at-risk population for substance use. 1354 justice-involved adolescents (86.4% male; Mage = 16.04 [SD = 0.14], range = 14–17; 41.4% Black, 33.5% Hispanic, 20.2% White, 4.8% other race/ethnicity) completed self-reports assessing parental warmth, parental hostility, and substance use every six months for 36 months. Random-intercept structural equation models disaggregated between- and within-person associations. At the between-person level, maternal and paternal warmth were negatively associated with alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drug use, whereas maternal and paternal hostility were positively associated with alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drug use. At the within-person level, maternal and paternal warmth predicted decreases in marijuana and other illicit drug use, and paternal warmth predicted decreases in alcohol use six months later. Maternal hostility predicted increases in subsequent marijuana and other illicit drug use. Marijuana and other illicit drug use predicted decreases in subsequent paternal hostility. The results are partially consistent with transactional developmental models proposing recursive influences between parenting behaviors and youth substance use. Evocative effects were in the opposite direction than expected and specific to fathers, such that youth drug use was related to improvements in the father-youth relationship. The results support the potential utility of family-based interventions for substance use among justice-involved adolescents.
Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
06 May 2022
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01626-0
Notes
Item-level data of The Quality of Parental Relationships Inventory is not publicly available, and the website only reports internal consistencies from the first five waves: https://www.pathwaysstudy.pitt.edu/codebook/parental-warmth-and-hostility-sb.html
References
Barbot, B., & Hein, S. (2021). Identity distress, parental response, and problem behaviors in juvenile justice-involved boys. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 48(7), 884–901. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854820968880.
Beaton, J. M. & Doherty, W. J. (2012). Mothers and fathers parenting together. In A.L. Vangelisti (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of family communication (2nd ed., 225–240). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203848166.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588.
Bosk, E. A., Anthony, W. L., Folk, J. B., & Williams-Butler, A. (2021). All in the family: parental substance misuse, harsh parenting, and youth substance misuse among juvenile justice-involved youth. Addictive Behaviors, 119, 106888 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106888.
Chassin, L. (2008). Juvenile justice and substance use. The Future of Children, 18(2), 165–183.
Chassin, L., Rogosch, F., & Barrera, M. (1991). Substance use and symptomatology among adolescent children of alcoholics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(4), 449–463. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.449.
Conger, R., Ge, X., Elder, Jr., G., Lorenz, F., & Simons, R. (1994). Economic stress, coercive family process, and developmental problems of adolescents. Child Development, 65(2), 541–561. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00768.x.
Crano, W. D., & Donaldson, C. D. (2018). Positive parenting, adolescent substance use prevention, and the good life. In J.P. Forgas & R.F. Baumeister (Eds), The social psychology of living well (277–297). Routledge.
De Los Reyes, A., & Ohannessian, C. M. (2016). Introduction to the special issue: Discrepancies in adolescent–parent perceptions of the family and adolescent adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(10), 1957–1972. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0533-z.
Dishion, T. J., Nelson, S. E., & Bullock, B. M. (2004). Premature adolescent autonomy: Parent disengagement and deviant peer process in the amplification of problem behaviour. Journal of Adolescence, 27(5), 515–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.06.005.
Donaldson, C. D., Handren, L. M., & Crano, W. D. (2016). The enduring impact of parents’ monitoring, warmth, expectancies, and alcohol use on their children’s future binge drinking and arrests: A longitudinal analysis. Prevention Science, 17(5), 606–614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-016-0656-1.
Eisenberg, M. E., Toumbourou, J. W., Catalano, R. F., & Hemphill, S. A. (2014). Social norms in the development of adolescent substance use: A longitudinal analysis of the International Youth Development Study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(9), 1486–1497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0111-1.
Gray, K. M., & Squeglia, L. M. (2018). Research review: What have we learned about adolescent substance use? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(6), 618–627. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12783.
Håkansson, A., & Berglund, M. (2012). Risk factors for criminal recidivism–a prospective follow-up study in prisoners with substance abuse. BMC Psychiatry, 12(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-111.
Hamaker, E. L., Kuiper, R. M., & Grasman, R. P. (2015). A critique of the cross-lagged panel model. Psychological Methods, 20(1), 102 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038889.
Hollingshead, A. B. (1957). Two factor index of social position. New Haven: Yale University.
Hosley, C. A., & Montemayor, R. (1997). Fathers and adolescents. In M.E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (3rd ed., 162–178). New York: Wiley.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.
Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2016). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2015: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Institute for Social Research. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED578539.pdf
Ladis, B. A., Macgowan, M., Thomlison, B., Fava, N. M., Huang, H., Trucco, E. M., & Martinez, M. J. (2019). Parent-focused preventive interventions for youth substance use and problem behaviors: A systematic review. Research on Social Work Practice, 29(4), 420–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731517753686.
Laible, D. J., & Carlo, G. (2004). The differential relations of maternal and paternal support and control to adolescent social competence, self-worth, and sympathy. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19(6), 759–782. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558403260094.
Lippold, M. A., Hussong, A., Fosco, G. M., & Ram, N. (2018). Lability in the parent’s hostility and warmth toward their adolescent: Linkages to youth delinquency and substance use. Developmental Psychology, 54(2), 348–361. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000415.
Little, R. J. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(404), 1198–1202.
Macleod, J., Oakes, R., Copello, A., Crome, I., Egger, M., Hickman, M., Oppenkowski, T., Stokes-Lampard, H., & Smith, G. D. (2004). Psychological and social sequelae of cannabis and other illicit drug use by young people: a systematic review of longitudinal, general population studies. The Lancet, 363(9421), 1579–1588. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16200-4.
Martens, M. P., Page, J. C., Mowry, E. S., Damann, K. M., Taylor, K. K., & Cimini, M. D. (2006). Differences between actual and perceived student norms: An examination of alcohol use, drug use, and sexual behavior. Journal of American college health, 54(5), 295–300. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.54.5.295-300.
Moretti, M. M., & Craig, S. G. (2013). Maternal versus paternal physical and emotional abuse, affect regulation and risk for depression from adolescence to early adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(1), 4–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.09.015.
Morris, A. S., Criss, M. M., Silk, J. S., & Houltberg, B. J. (2017). The impact of parenting on emotion regulation during childhood and adolescence. Child Development Perspectives, 11(4), 233–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12238.
Mulder, J. D., & Hamaker, E. L. (2021). Three extensions of the random intercept cross-lagged panel model. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 28(4), 638–648. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2020.1784738.
Muthén, L. K. & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2017). Mplus User’s Guide. Eighth Edition. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén
Nock, M. K. (2008). Actions speak louder than words: An elaborated theoretical model of the social functions of self-injury and other harmful behaviors. Applied and preventive psychology, 12(4), 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appsy.2008.05.002.
Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive family process. Eugene, OR: Castalia.
Pinquart, M. (2017). Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children and adolescents: An updated meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 53(5), 873–932. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000295.
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66(4), 507–514. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02296192.
Schubert, C. A., Mulvey, E. P., Steinberg, L., Cauffman, E., Losoya, S. H., Hecker, T., & Knight, G. P. (2004). Operational lessons from the pathways to desistance project. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 2(3), 237–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204004265875.
Sedlak, A. J., & McPherson, K. S. (2010). Youth’s needs and services: Findings from the survey of youth in residential placements. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Shek, D. T. L., Zhu, X., Dou, D., & Chai, W. (2020). Influence of family factors on substance use in early adolescents: A longitudinal study in Hong Kong. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 52(1), 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1707333.
Siegel, J. P. (2015). Emotional regulation in adolescent substance use disorders: Rethinking risk. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 24(2), 67–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/1067828X.2012.761169.
Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2001). Adolescent development. Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology, 2(1), 55–87. https://doi.org/10.1891/194589501787383444.
Tripodi, S. J., & Bender, K. (2011). Substance abuse treatment for juvenile offenders: A review of quasi-experimental and experimental research. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39(3), 246–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.02.007.
Vaughan, E. P., Frick, P. J., Ray, J. V., Robertson, E. L., Thornton, L. C., Wall Myers, T. D., Tina, D., Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (2021). The associations of maternal warmth and hostility with prosocial and antisocial outcomes in justice-involved adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 57(12), 2179–2191. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001271.
Van der Vorst, H., Engels, R. C., Meeus, W., & Deković, M. (2006). Parental attachment, parental control, and early development of alcohol use: A longitudinal study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(2), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.20.2.107.
Wang, M.-T., Dishion, T. J., Stormshak, E. A., & Willett, J. B. (2011). Trajectories of family management practices and early adolescent behavioral outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 47(5), 1324–1341. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024026.
Wasserman, G. A., McReynolds, L. S., Schwalbe, C. S., Keating, J. M., & Jones, S. A. (2010). Psychiatric disorder, comorbidity, and suicidal behavior in juvenile justice youth. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37(12), 1361–1376. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854810382751.
Weymouth, B. B., Buehler, C., Zhou, N., & Henson, R. A. (2016). A meta‐analysis of parent–adolescent conflict: Disagreement, hostility, and youth maladjustment. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 8(1), 95–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12126.
Yaffe, Y. (2020). Systematic review of the differences between mothers and fathers in parenting styles and practices. Current Psychology, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01014-6.
Acknowledgements
This project was supported by a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council doctoral award to the first author and a Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research Scholar award (#18240) to the fourth author.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
CR conceptualized the research question, drafted the manuscript, performed the statistical analyses, and interpreted the results; CB conceptualized the research question and helped draft/revise the manuscript; SC helped draft/revise the manuscript; BT supervised the project and helped conceptualize the research question and draft/revise the manuscript. All authors read and approved of the final manuscript.
Funding
There is no funding associated with this manuscript. The Pathways to Desistance Study was funded by various groups, found here https://www.pathwaysstudy.pitt.edu/funders.html
Data Sharing Declaration
The datasets generated and/or analyzed in the current study are available in the National Addiction & HIV Data Archive Program, https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR29961.v2
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical Approval
All study procedures were approved by the institutional review boards of the University of Pittsburgh, Arizona State University, and Temple University. Secondary analysis of this data was approved by the University of Victoria’s review board.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants and their legal guardians included in the study.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Robillard, C.L., Balakrishnan, C., Craig, S.G. et al. A Two-Way Street? Reciprocal Associations Between Parental Warmth and Hostility with Substance Use Among Justice-Involved Adolescents. J Youth Adolescence 51, 1442–1456 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01611-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01611-7