Surfactants are amphipathic molecules that are generally chemically derived. Compared to these surfactants, biosurfactants have a better environmental profile and are derived from microorganisms. Among the biosurfactants, sophorolipids (SLs) are probably the most promising biosurfactants. In general, the costs of raw materials in the synthesis of biosurfactants accounts for about 10–30% of the total costs. These costs can be reduced to some extent by using industrial by-products as substrates for the synthesis of SLs. In this study, sunflower acid oil (SAO), a by-product of sunflower oil refining, and crude glycerol (so-called “sweetwater”), which is the glycerol-rich solution from the mixed fat hydrolysis reaction, also an industrial by-product, are used for the synthesis of SLs. We obtained comparable yields (0.8/50 mL) to previous reports using a combination of treated SAO (10% w/v) and sweetwater (19% w/v). For the bleaching process, we used 1% and 3% activated earth for normal and heavy treatments over a period of 1 h and 3 h, respectively. Glycerol is inexpensively available in the form of sweetwater from fat-splitting plants and was used as the hydrophilic source. The purification of the SL can be achieved by crystallization at pH 7. The purified SL is analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Then, it was incorporated into different liposomal formulations for the encapsulation of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ibuprofen. The ratio of drug to cholesterol and SL was 1:1:0.5. The liposomal structures were examined for their size of 2 µ by direct light scattering.

中文翻译：

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利用工业副产物改进槐糖脂生物表面活性剂的合成及其实际应用

表面活性剂是通常化学衍生的两亲分子。与这些表面活性剂相比，生物表面活性剂具有更好的环境特性，并且来源于微生物。在生物表面活性剂中，槐糖脂（SLs）可能是最有前途的生物表面活性剂。一般来说，生物表面活性剂合成的原料成本约占总成本的10-30%。通过使用工业副产品作为合成 SL 的底物，可以在一定程度上降低这些成本。在这项研究中，葵花油精炼的副产品葵花酸油 (SAO) 和粗甘油（所谓的“甜水”）是混合脂肪水解反应中富含甘油的溶液，也是一种工业-product，用于合成 SL。我们获得了可比的产量（0. 8/50 mL) 与使用处理过的 SAO (10% w/v) 和甜水 (19% w/v) 的组合的先前报告。对于漂白过程，我们分别使用 1% 和 3% 的活性土进行正常和重度处理，时间分别为 1 小时和 3 小时。甘油可以从脂肪分解植物中以甜水的形式廉价获得，并被用作亲水性来源。SL 的纯化可以通过在 pH 7 下结晶来实现。纯化的 SL 通过薄层色谱 (TLC)、傅里叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR) 和高效液相色谱 (HPLC) 进行分析。然后，将其掺入不同的脂质体制剂中，用于封装非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID) 布洛芬。药物与胆固醇和SL的比例为1:1:0.5。