Biologics — medications derived from a biological source — are increasingly used as pharmaceuticals, for example, as vaccines. Biologics are usually produced in bacterial, mammalian or insect cells. Alternatively, plant molecular farming, that is, the manufacture of biologics in plant cells, transgenic plants and algae, offers a cheaper and easily adaptable strategy for the production of biologics, in particular, in low-resource settings. In this Review, we discuss current vaccination challenges, such as cold chain requirements, and highlight how plant molecular farming in combination with advanced materials can be applied to address these challenges. The production of plant viruses and virus-based nanotechnologies in plants enables low-cost and regional fabrication of thermostable vaccines. We also highlight key new vaccine delivery technologies, including microneedle patches and material platforms for intranasal and oral delivery. Finally, we provide an outlook of future possibilities for plant molecular farming of next-generation vaccines and biologics.

生物制剂——源自生物来源的药物——越来越多地用作药物，例如疫苗。生物制剂通常在细菌、哺乳动物或昆虫细胞中生产。另外，植物分子农业，即在植物细胞、转基因植物和藻类中制造生物制品，为生物制品的生产提供了一种更便宜且易于适应的策略，特别是在资源匮乏的环境中。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了当前的疫苗接种挑战，例如冷链要求，并重点介绍了如何应用植物分子农业与先进材料相结合来应对这些挑战。在植物中生产植物病毒和基于病毒的纳米技术可以实现耐热疫苗的低成本和区域性制造。我们还重点介绍了关键的新疫苗输送技术，包括微针贴片和用于鼻内和口腔输送的材料平台。最后，我们对下一代疫苗和生物制剂的植物分子农业的未来可能性进行了展望。