Intracellular organelles are subsystems within a cell, whose activity and chemical composition reflect the metabolic state of live cells. Alterations in cellular homeostasis occurring in disease, ageing and development are also reflected at the level of organelles. By targeting organelles with pharmacological agents and genetic tools, the aim is to improve disease diagnosis and to restore cell function. In this Review, we discuss biological pathways that can be exploited to target the delivery of exogenous cargo with organelle-level precision. We investigate how these pathways can be leveraged for imaging, diagnosis and therapy at the organelle level, and highlight the potential of nucleic acids as delivery systems to target specific organelles in vivo, including the nucleus, lysosomes, secretory organelles and mitochondria. The programmability, modularity and biocompatibility of nucleic acid-based scaffolds make them well suited to accomplishing next-generation targeting with organelle-level resolution in living organisms.

细胞内细胞器是细胞内的子系统，其活性和化学成分反映了活细胞的代谢状态。疾病、衰老和发育中发生的细胞稳态的改变也反映在细胞器的水平上。通过使用药物制剂和遗传工具靶向细胞器，目的是改善疾病诊断并恢复细胞功能。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了可用于以细胞器级精度靶向外源货物递送的生物学途径。我们研究如何利用这些途径在细胞器水平进行成像、诊断和治疗，并强调核酸作为递送系统在体内靶向特定细胞器（包括细胞核、溶酶体、分泌细胞器和线粒体）的潜力。可编程性，