Distribution of quinolone and macrolide resistance genes and their co-occurrence with heavy metal resistance genes in vegetable soils with long-term application of manure,Environmental Geochemistry and Health

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Distribution of quinolone and macrolide resistance genes and their co-occurrence with heavy metal resistance genes in vegetable soils with long-term application of manure
Environmental Geochemistry and Health ( IF 3.2 ) Pub Date : 2021-09-24 , DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01102-x
Zikun Dong ₁ , Jinhua Wang ₁ , Lanjun Wang ₁ , Lusheng Zhu ₁ , Jun Wang ₁ , Xiang Zhao ₁ , Young Mo Kim ₂

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The spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has become an increasingly serious global public health issue. This study investigated the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of ARB and ARGs in greenhouse vegetable soils with long-term application of manure. Five typical ARGs, four heavy metal resistance genes (MRGs), and two mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were quantified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The amount of ARB in manure-improved soil greatly exceeded that in control soil, and the bacterial resistance rate decreased significantly with increases in antibiotic concentrations. In addition, the resistance rate of ARB to enrofloxacin (ENR) was lower than that of tylosin (TYL). Real-time qPCR results showed that long-term application of manure enhanced the relative abundance of ARGs in vegetable soils, and the content and proportion of quinolone resistance genes were higher than those of macrolide resistance genes. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that qepA and qnrS significantly correlated with total and available amounts of Cu and Zn, highlighting that certain heavy metals can influence persistence of ARGs. Integrase gene intI1 correlated significantly with the relative abundance of qepA, qnrS, and ermF, suggesting that intI1 played an important role in the horizontal transfer of ARGs. Furthermore, there was a weakly but not significantly positive correlation between specific detected MRGs and ARGs and MGEs. The results of this study enhance understanding the potential for increasing ARGs in manure-applied soil, assessing ecological risk and reducing the spread of ARGs.

Graphic abstract

中文翻译：

长期施肥蔬菜土壤喹诺酮类和大环内酯类抗性基因分布及其与重金属抗性基因的共生

抗生素耐药菌（ARB）和抗生素耐药基因（ARGs）的传播已成为日益严重的全球公共卫生问题。本研究调查了长期施肥的温室蔬菜土壤中ARB和ARGs的分布特征及影响因素。通过实时定量聚合酶链反应 (qPCR) 对五个典型的 ARGs、四个重金属抗性基因 (MRGs) 和两个移动遗传元件 (MGEs) 进行量化。粪肥改良土壤中ARB的含量大大超过对照土壤，细菌耐药率随着抗生素浓度的增加而显着降低。此外，ARB对恩诺沙星（ENR）的耐药率低于泰乐菌素（TYL）。Real-time qPCR结果表明，长期施肥提高了菜地土壤中ARGs的相对丰度，喹诺酮类抗性基因的含量和比例均高于大环内酯类抗性基因。冗余分析（RDA）表明qepA和qnrS与 Cu 和 Zn 的总量和可用量显着相关，突出表明某些重金属会影响 ARGs 的持久性。整合酶基因intI1与qepA、qnrS和ermF的相对丰度显着相关，表明intI1在ARGs的水平转移中起重要作用。此外，特定检测到的 MRGs 与 ARGs 和 MGEs 之间存在弱但不显着的正相关。这项研究的结果加深了对增加施肥土壤中 ARGs 的潜力、评估生态风险和减少 ARGs 传播的认识。

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更新日期：2021-09-24

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