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Tree species classification using deep learning and RGB optical images obtained by an unmanned aerial vehicle
Journal of Forestry Research ( IF 3.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-05 , DOI: 10.1007/s11676-020-01245-0
Chen Zhang , Kai Xia , Hailin Feng , Yinhui Yang , Xiaochen Du

The diversity of tree species and the complexity of land use in cities create challenging issues for tree species classification. The combination of deep learning methods and RGB optical images obtained by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provides a new research direction for urban tree species classification. We proposed an RGB optical image dataset with 10 urban tree species, termed TCC10, which is a benchmark for tree canopy classification (TCC). TCC10 dataset contains two types of data: tree canopy images with simple backgrounds and those with complex backgrounds. The objective was to examine the possibility of using deep learning methods (AlexNet, VGG-16, and ResNet-50) for individual tree species classification. The results of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were compared with those of K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and BP neural network. Our results demonstrated: (1) ResNet-50 achieved an overall accuracy (OA) of 92.6% and a kappa coefficient of 0.91 for tree species classification on TCC10 and outperformed AlexNet and VGG-16. (2) The classification accuracy of KNN and BP neural network was less than 70%, while the accuracy of CNNs was relatively higher. (3) The classification accuracy of tree canopy images with complex backgrounds was lower than that for images with simple backgrounds. For the deciduous tree species in TCC10, the classification accuracy of ResNet-50 was higher in summer than that in autumn. Therefore, the deep learning is effective for urban tree species classification using RGB optical images.



中文翻译:

利用无人机获得的深度学习和RGB光学图像进行树种分类

城市中树种的多样性和土地利用的复杂性给树种分类带来了挑战。深度学习方法与无人机(UAV)获得的RGB光学图像相结合,为城市树种分类提供了新的研究方向。我们提出了一个包含 10 个城市树种的 RGB 光学图像数据集,称为 TCC10,它是树冠分类 (TCC) 的基准。TCC10 数据集包含两种类型的数据:具有简单背景的树冠图像和具有复杂背景的树冠图像。目的是检查使用深度学习方法(AlexNet、VGG-16 和 ResNet-50)进行单个树种分类的可能性。将卷积神经网络 (CNN) 的结果与 K-最近邻 (KNN) 和 BP 神经网络的结果进行比较。我们的结果表明:(1) ResNet-50 在 TCC10 上实现了 92.6% 的整体准确度 (OA) 和 0.91 的 kappa 系数,并且优于 AlexNet 和 VGG-16。(2) KNN和BP神经网络的分类准确率低于70%,而CNNs的分类准确率相对较高。(3) 复杂背景的树冠图像分类准确率低于背景简单的图像。对于TCC10中的落叶树种,ResNet-50的分类准确率在夏季高于秋季。因此,深度学习对于使用 RGB 光学图像的城市树种分类是有效的。91 在 TCC10 上进行树种分类并优于 AlexNet 和 VGG-16。(2) KNN和BP神经网络的分类准确率低于70%,而CNNs的分类准确率相对较高。(3) 复杂背景的树冠图像分类准确率低于背景简单的图像。对于TCC10中的落叶树种,ResNet-50的分类准确率在夏季高于秋季。因此,深度学习对于使用 RGB 光学图像的城市树种分类是有效的。91 在 TCC10 上进行树种分类并优于 AlexNet 和 VGG-16。(2) KNN和BP神经网络的分类准确率低于70%,而CNNs的分类准确率相对较高。(3) 复杂背景的树冠图像分类准确率低于背景简单的图像。对于TCC10中的落叶树种,ResNet-50的分类准确率在夏季高于秋季。因此,深度学习对于使用 RGB 光学图像的城市树种分类是有效的。对于TCC10中的落叶树种,ResNet-50的分类准确率在夏季高于秋季。因此,深度学习对于使用 RGB 光学图像的城市树种分类是有效的。对于TCC10中的落叶树种,ResNet-50的分类准确率在夏季高于秋季。因此,深度学习对于使用 RGB 光学图像的城市树种分类是有效的。

更新日期:2020-11-05
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