BioEnergy Research ( IF 3.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-09-14 , DOI: 10.1007/s12155-021-10331-y Zainab Ngaini 1 , Nurfarahen Jamil 1 , Rafeah Wahi 1 , Farra Diana Shahrom 1 , Saba Farooq 1 , Zainal Abiddin Ahmad 2
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Silica-based heterogeneous catalyst derived from rice husk ash (RHA) was used for the transformation of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) into biodiesel. The production of the biodiesel from PFAD was conducted via esterification and transesterification employing Huskcatacid and Huskcatbase, respectively. The biodiesel was analyzed from different parameters, i.e., amount of catalyst, oil to methanol ratio, temperature, and reaction times. The outcomes depicted Huskcatacid was efficient for PFAD esterification to produce 91.6% ester with 5 wt% catalysts and 5:1 (MeOH:PFAD), followed by the transesterification using 1 wt% Huskcatbase in 3:1 (MeOH:oil) to generate 99.73% biodiesel with a high percentage of methyl oleate (57.86%) and methyl palmitate (34.43%). Huskcatacid and Huskcatbase depicted a high surface area (7.362 m2/g and 14.493 m2/g) and high porosity (2.726 × 10−3 cm3/g and 4.985 × 10−3 cm3/g), respectively, that contributed to the efficient esterification and the easy separation of glycerol. The PFAD-derived biodiesel was tested on the Megatech®-Mark III engine and confirmed the proportional torque (ɽ) increment with the loading of B100 biodiesel. Rice husk showed promising outcomes as solid-support heterogeneous catalysts and the production of value-added products to reduce the agricultural waste management issues.
Graphical Abstract
中文翻译：
通过稻壳灰催化剂将棕榈脂肪酸馏出物方便地转化为生物柴油
来自稻壳灰 (RHA) 的二氧化硅基多相催化剂用于将棕榈脂肪酸馏出物 (PFAD) 转化为生物柴油。从 PFAD 生产生物柴油是通过分别使用Huskcatacid和Huskcatbase 的酯化和酯交换进行的。从不同的参数，即催化剂的量、油与甲醇的比例、温度和反应时间来分析生物柴油。结果描述了Huskcatacid对 PFAD 酯化有效，使用 5 wt% 催化剂和 5:1 (MeOH:PFAD) 产生 91.6% 的酯，然后使用 1 wt% Huskcatbase 进行酯交换在 3:1 (MeOH:oil) 中生成 99.73% 的生物柴油，其中含有高百分比的油酸甲酯 (57.86%) 和棕榈酸甲酯 (34.43%)。Huskcatacid和Huskcatbase描绘了高表面积（7.362 m 2 /g 和 14.493 m 2 /g）和高孔隙率（2.726 × 10 -3 cm 3 /g 和 4.985 × 10 -3 cm 3/g)，分别有助于有效的酯化和甘油的容易分离。PFAD 衍生的生物柴油在 Megatech®-Mark III 发动机上进行了测试，并确认了加载 B100 生物柴油时的比例扭矩 (ɽ) 增量。稻壳作为固体载体多相催化剂和生产增值产品以减少农业废物管理问题显示出可喜的成果。
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