The present study was performed to verify that the exogenous application of proline as an antioxidant can effectively reduce the damage of the herbicide Basagran® on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Sterilized healthy seeds were soaked in proline (7 mM) with or without the herbicide Basagran® (10^–4 M) applied as a foliar spray. Performance was evaluated based on the plant’s physiological and biochemical attributes. Results revealed that herbicide stress caused seedling growth inhibition, which could be due to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) accumulation with an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level and electrolyte leakage (EL). As a consequence, proline metabolism was affected, including the activity of proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) and pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), and levels of pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) and proline (Pro) as well as glutathione (GSH) level, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and activity of catalase (CAT) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) were affirmatively influenced. However, the exogenous application of proline attenuated the harmful effects of Basagran® by improving growth performance, which might be related to enhanced antioxidant activities, total chlorophyll, relative water content (RWC), and GSH levels. Proline treatment also reduced the damage caused by increased MDA levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by regulating the enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense systems. Principal component analysis showed that increased oxidative damage and water imbalance were the most important contributors to herbicide stress-induced damage; however, the proline-mediated antioxidant defense was the crucial determinant of herbicide tolerance in fenugreek. Collectively, findings obtained from this study revealed that externally used proline protects against herbicide stress by enhancing cellular defense mechanisms. These results indicate the capacity of proline to improve the tolerance of fenugreek plants subjected to herbicide constraints.

本研究旨在验证外源性应用脯氨酸作为抗氧化剂可以有效减少除草剂 Basagran® 对葫芦巴（Trigonella foenum -graecum）的伤害。灭菌的种子健康用或不用除草剂Basagran®（10浸泡在脯氨酸（7毫摩尔）^-4 用作叶面喷洒M）。根据植物的生理和生化属性评估性能。结果表明，除草剂胁迫引起幼苗生长抑制，这可能是由于过氧化氢（H ₂ O ₂) 积累与丙二醛 (MDA) 水平和电解质泄漏 (EL) 的增加。因此，脯氨酸代谢受到影响，包括脯氨酸脱氢酶 (PRODH) 和吡咯啉 5-羧酸合成酶 (P5CS) 的活性，以及​​吡咯啉 5-羧酸 (P5C) 和脯氨酸 (Pro) 以及谷胱甘肽的水平。 GSH) 水平、总抗氧化能力 (TAC) 以及过氧化氢酶 (CAT) 和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶 (GST) 的活性受到肯定的影响。然而，外源性应用脯氨酸通过改善生长性能减弱了 Basagran® 的有害影响，这可能与增强的抗氧化活性、叶绿素总​​量、相对含水量 (RWC) 和 GSH 水平有关。脯氨酸处理还通过调节酶促和非酶促防御系统来减少 MDA 水平增加和活性氧 (ROS) 造成的损害。主成分分析表明，氧化损伤增加和水分失衡是除草剂胁迫诱导损伤的最重要因素；然而，脯氨酸介导的抗氧化防御是葫芦巴中除草剂耐受性的关键决定因素。总的来说，从这项研究中获得的结果表明，外部使用的脯氨酸通过增强细胞防御机制来防止除草剂胁迫。这些结果表明脯氨酸能够提高受到除草剂限制的葫芦巴植物的耐受性。主成分分析表明，氧化损伤增加和水分失衡是除草剂胁迫诱导损伤的最重要因素；然而，脯氨酸介导的抗氧化防御是葫芦巴中除草剂耐受性的关键决定因素。总的来说，从这项研究中获得的结果表明，外部使用的脯氨酸通过增强细胞防御机制来防止除草剂胁迫。这些结果表明脯氨酸能够提高受到除草剂限制的葫芦巴植物的耐受性。主成分分析表明，氧化损伤增加和水分失衡是除草剂胁迫诱导损伤的最重要因素；然而，脯氨酸介导的抗氧化防御是葫芦巴中除草剂耐受性的关键决定因素。总的来说，从这项研究中获得的结果表明，外部使用的脯氨酸通过增强细胞防御机制来防止除草剂胁迫。这些结果表明脯氨酸能够提高受到除草剂限制的葫芦巴植物的耐受性。从这项研究中获得的结果表明，外部使用的脯氨酸通过增强细胞防御机制来防止除草剂胁迫。这些结果表明脯氨酸能够提高受到除草剂限制的葫芦巴植物的耐受性。从这项研究中获得的结果表明，外部使用的脯氨酸通过增强细胞防御机制来防止除草剂胁迫。这些结果表明脯氨酸能够提高受到除草剂限制的葫芦巴植物的耐受性。