Abstract
The present study was performed to verify that the exogenous application of proline as an antioxidant can effectively reduce the damage of the herbicide Basagran® on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Sterilized healthy seeds were soaked in proline (7 mM) with or without the herbicide Basagran® (10–4 M) applied as a foliar spray. Performance was evaluated based on the plant’s physiological and biochemical attributes. Results revealed that herbicide stress caused seedling growth inhibition, which could be due to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation with an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level and electrolyte leakage (EL). As a consequence, proline metabolism was affected, including the activity of proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) and pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), and levels of pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) and proline (Pro) as well as glutathione (GSH) level, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and activity of catalase (CAT) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) were affirmatively influenced. However, the exogenous application of proline attenuated the harmful effects of Basagran® by improving growth performance, which might be related to enhanced antioxidant activities, total chlorophyll, relative water content (RWC), and GSH levels. Proline treatment also reduced the damage caused by increased MDA levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by regulating the enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense systems. Principal component analysis showed that increased oxidative damage and water imbalance were the most important contributors to herbicide stress-induced damage; however, the proline-mediated antioxidant defense was the crucial determinant of herbicide tolerance in fenugreek. Collectively, findings obtained from this study revealed that externally used proline protects against herbicide stress by enhancing cellular defense mechanisms. These results indicate the capacity of proline to improve the tolerance of fenugreek plants subjected to herbicide constraints.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Dr. Bachtarezi Rym, Dr. Alioua Zakia, and Prof. Bachari Nour El Islam from the University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene for their support in the performance of this study, and we have gratefully acknowledged the technical support provided by the Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Egypt.
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Research supported by the Project PHC Maghreb 19MAG41 and the Algerian Ministry of Research.
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OC and AO conceived and designed the experiments. OC, BK, and MR performed the experiments. OC, ME, and MR analyzed the data. ME and MR contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools. OC wrote the paper. MR, DR, and AO revised the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Highlights
• Herbicide Basagran inhibited fenugreek growth.
• The herbicide affected fenugreek chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation.
• MDA and electrolytes leakage increased following treatment with Basagran giving an index of oxidative stress.
• System antioxidant participated in response to the herbicide by changing in catalase CAT and glutathione-S-transferase GST activities.
• Herbicide affected proline metabolism, including the activity of proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) and pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), and level of pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) and proline (Pro)
• Externally used proline protects against herbicide stress through enhancing cellular defense mechanisms.
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Ould said, C., Boulahia, K., Eid, M.A.M. et al. Exogenously Used Proline Offers Potent Antioxidative and Osmoprotective Strategies to Re-balance Growth and Physio-biochemical Attributes in Herbicide-Stressed Trigonella foenum-graecum. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 21, 3254–3268 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00604-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00604-y