Microchimica Acta ( IF 5.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-09-04 , DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04960-5 Daniel Geißler 1 , Nithiya Nirmalananthan-Budau 1 , Lena Scholtz 1 , Isabella Tavernaro 1 , Ute Resch-Genger 1
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Functional nanomaterials (NM) of different size, shape, chemical composition, and surface chemistry are of increasing relevance for many key technologies of the twenty-first century. This includes polymer and silica or silica-coated nanoparticles (NP) with covalently bound surface groups, semiconductor quantum dots (QD), metal and metal oxide NP, and lanthanide-based NP with coordinatively or electrostatically bound ligands, as well as surface-coated nanostructures like micellar encapsulated NP. The surface chemistry can significantly affect the physicochemical properties of NM, their charge, their processability and performance, as well as their impact on human health and the environment. Thus, analytical methods for the characterization of NM surface chemistry regarding chemical identification, quantification, and accessibility of functional groups (FG) and surface ligands bearing such FG are of increasing importance for quality control of NM synthesis up to nanosafety. Here, we provide an overview of analytical methods for FG analysis and quantification with special emphasis on bioanalytically relevant FG broadly utilized for the covalent attachment of biomolecules like proteins, peptides, and oligonucleotides and address method- and material-related challenges and limitations. Analytical techniques reviewed include electrochemical titration methods, optical assays, nuclear magnetic resonance and vibrational spectroscopy, as well as X-ray based and thermal analysis methods, covering the last 5–10 years. Criteria for method classification and evaluation include the need for a signal-generating label, provision of either the total or derivatizable number of FG, need for expensive instrumentation, and suitability for process and production control during NM synthesis and functionalization.
Graphical abstract
中文翻译：
分析功能纳米材料的表面——如何量化官能团和配体的总数和可衍生数量
不同尺寸、形状、化学成分和表面化学的功能纳米材料（NM）对于二十一世纪的许多关键技术越来越重要。这包括具有共价键合表面基团的聚合物和二氧化硅或二氧化硅涂层纳米颗粒 (NP)、半导体量子点 (QD)、金属和金属氧化物 NP、具有配位或静电结合配体的镧系 NP，以及表面涂层纳米粒子纳米结构，如胶束封装的纳米颗粒。表面化学可以显着影响纳米材料的理化性质、电荷、加工性能和性能，以及对人类健康和环境的影响。因此，用于表征 NM 表面化学的分析方法，包括化学鉴定、定量和官能团 (FG) 和带有此类 FG 的表面配体的可及性，对于 NM 合成直至纳米安全的质量控制越来越重要。在这里，我们概述了 FG 分析和定量的分析方法，特别强调生物分析相关的 FG 广泛用于蛋白质、肽和寡核苷酸等生物分子的共价连接，并解决了与方法和材料相关的挑战和限制。回顾的分析技术包括电化学滴定方法、光学测定、核磁共振和振动光谱，以及基于 X 射线和热分析方法，涵盖过去 5-10 年。 方法分类和评估的标准包括对信号生成标签的需求、提供 FG 的总数或可衍生数量、对昂贵仪器的需求以及 NM 合成和功能化过程中工艺和生产控制的适用性。
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