Astrocytes are key regulators of their surroundings by receiving and integrating stimuli from their local microenvironment, thereby regulating glial and neuronal homeostasis. Cumulating evidence supports a plethora of heterogenic astrocyte subpopulations that differ morphologically and in their expression patterns of receptors, transporters and ion channels, as well as in their functional specialisation. Astrocytic heterogeneity is especially relevant under pathological conditions. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), morphologically distinct astrocytic subtypes were identified and could be linked to transcriptome changes during different disease stages and regions. To allow for continuous awareness of changing stimuli across age and diseases, astrocytes are equipped with a variety of receptors and ion channels allowing the precise perception of environmental cues. Recent studies implicate the diverse repertoire of astrocytic ion channels – including transient receptor potential channels, voltage-gated calcium channels, inwardly rectifying K+ channels, and two-pore domain potassium channels – in sensing the brain state in physiology, inflammation and ischemia. Here, we review current evidence regarding astrocytic potassium and calcium channels and their functional contribution in homeostasis, neuroinflammation and stroke.

中文翻译：

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星形细胞钾和钙通道作为炎症和缺血中枢神经系统微环境的整合者


星形胶质细胞是周围环境的关键调节者，通过接收和整合来自局部微环境的刺激，从而调节神经胶质和神经元的稳态。越来越多的证据支持大量异质星形胶质细胞亚群，这些亚群在形态上、受体、转运蛋白和离子通道的表达模式以及功能专门化方面有所不同。星形胶质细胞的异质性在病理条件下尤其重要。在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎（EAE）（多发性硬化症（MS）小鼠模型）中，鉴定出了形态上不同的星形细胞亚型，并且可能与不同疾病阶段和区域的转录组变化有关。为了持续感知不同年龄和疾病的刺激变化，星形胶质细胞配备了各种受体和离子通道，可以精确感知环境线索。最近的研究表明，星形胶质细胞离子通道的多样性（包括瞬时受体电位通道、电压门控钙通道、内向整流 K+ 通道和双孔域钾通道）在感知大脑生理、炎症和缺血状态方面发挥着重要作用。在这里，我们回顾了有关星形细胞钾和钙通道及其在稳态、神经炎症和中风中的功能贡献的当前证据。