Abstract
Astrocytes are key regulators of their surroundings by receiving and integrating stimuli from their local microenvironment, thereby regulating glial and neuronal homeostasis. Cumulating evidence supports a plethora of heterogenic astrocyte subpopulations that differ morphologically and in their expression patterns of receptors, transporters and ion channels, as well as in their functional specialisation. Astrocytic heterogeneity is especially relevant under pathological conditions. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), morphologically distinct astrocytic subtypes were identified and could be linked to transcriptome changes during different disease stages and regions. To allow for continuous awareness of changing stimuli across age and diseases, astrocytes are equipped with a variety of receptors and ion channels allowing the precise perception of environmental cues. Recent studies implicate the diverse repertoire of astrocytic ion channels – including transient receptor potential channels, voltage-gated calcium channels, inwardly rectifying K+ channels, and two-pore domain potassium channels – in sensing the brain state in physiology, inflammation and ischemia. Here, we review current evidence regarding astrocytic potassium and calcium channels and their functional contribution in homeostasis, neuroinflammation and stroke.
Funding source: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Award Identifier / Grant number: SFB/TR-128
About the authors
Samantha Schmaul, Postdoctoral fellow, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN) fellow Mainz, Oct 2016 – now.
Nicholas Hanuscheck, PhD candidate, Transmed fellow Mainz, Dec 2020 – now.
Stefan Bittner W2-Professor, head of neuroimmunology, clinic and polyclinic of neurology university clinic Mainz, Member of the IZKF Münster, Jan 2012 - Dec 2014, Clinician Scientists SEED. projects, SEED03/12.
Acknowledgements
We thank Cheryl Ernest for proofreading of the manuscript.
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Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
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Research funding: This work was supported by grants from the German Research Foundation (DFG, SFB/TR-128 to S.B.); Figure 1 was created with BioRender.com.
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Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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