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Population Epidemiology of Hyperkalemia: Cardiac and Kidney Long-term Health Outcomes
American Journal of Kidney Diseases ( IF 9.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-20 , DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.07.008
Andrew Mclean 1 , Mintu Nath 2 , Simon Sawhney 1
Affiliation  

The population burden and long-term implications of hyperkalemia have not been comprehensively studied. We studied how often and where hyperkalemia occurs as well as its independent association with survival and long-term cardiac and kidney health. Population-based cohort study of adult residents of Grampian, United Kingdom. Among the 468,594 adult residents (2012-2014), 302,630 people with at least 1 blood test were followed until 2019. Hyperkalemia was defined as serum potassium ≥ 5.5 mmol/L. Adjustment for comorbidities, demographics, measures of acute and chronic kidney function, and medications prescribed before measurement of serum potassium. All-cause mortality, cardiac events, and kidney failure. Description of the annual incidence of hyperkalemia and the characteristics associated with its occurrence, and adjusted Cox proportional hazards (PH) analysis to evaluate the independent long-term association of hyperkalemia with all-cause mortality among people who survived ≥90 days after blood testing. Cause-specific PH models were fit to evaluate the association of hyperkalemia with cardiac events/death, noncardiac death, and kidney failure. Effect modification by level of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at the time of blood testing was explored. The annual population incidence of hyperkalemia was 0.96 per 100 person-years. This represented 2.3%, 2.1%, and 1.9% of people with at least one blood test in 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively. Two-thirds of episodes of hyperkalemia occurred in the community. The hyperkalemia rate was 2-fold higher for each 10-year greater age. Those with hyperkalemia were 20 times more likely to have concurrent acute kidney injury (AKI), and 17 times more likely to have an eGFR of <30 mL/min/1.73 m. Throughout 5 years of follow-up evaluation (2,483,452 person-years), hyperkalemia was associated with poorer health outcomes. This association held across all levels of kidney function and was irrespective of concurrent AKI, but was stronger among those with a baseline eGFR of ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m ( for interaction < 0.001). The adjusted HRs (hyperkalemia vs no hyperkalemia) for people with eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m and eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m were 2.3 (95% CI, 2.2-2.5) and 1.5 (95% CI, 1.3-1.6) for mortality; 1.8 (95% CI, 1.6-1.9) and 1.4 (95% CI, 1.2-1.6) for cardiac events; and 17.0 (95% CI, 9.3-31.1) and 2.0 (95% CI, 1.5-2.8) for kidney failure, respectively. The observational nature of this study limits evaluation of causal relationships. There is a substantial burden of hyperkalemia in the general population. Hyperkalemia is associated with poorer long-term health outcomes, especially kidney outcomes, that are independent of other established risk factors.

中文翻译:


高钾血症的人群流行病学:心脏和肾脏的长期健康结果



高钾血症的人口负担和长期影响尚未得到全面研究。我们研究了高钾血症发生的频率和地点,以及其与生存和长期心脏和肾脏健康的独立关联。对英国格兰屏成年居民进行的基于人群的队列研究。在 2012 年至 2014 年的 468,594 名成年居民中,有 302,630 人接受了至少 1 次血液检查,随访时间截至 2019 年。高钾血症的定义为血清钾≥ 5.5 mmol/L。在测量血清钾之前调整合并症、人口统计、急性和慢性肾功能测量以及处方药物。全因死亡率、心脏事件和肾衰竭。描述高钾血症的年发病率及其发生相关的特征,并调整 Cox 比例风险 (PH) 分析,以评估高钾血症与血液检测后存活 ≥ 90 天的人群的全因死亡率的独立长期关联。病因特异性 PH 模型适合评估高钾血症与心脏事件/死亡、非心源性死亡和肾衰竭的关联。探索了血液检测时估计肾小球滤过率(eGFR)水平的影响修正。高钾血症的人口年发病率为每100人年0.96人。 2012 年、2013 年和 2014 年至少进行过一次血液检查的人数分别为 2.3%、2.1% 和 1.9%。三分之二的高钾血症发作发生在社区。年龄每增加 10 岁,高钾血症发生率就会增加 2 倍。患有高钾血症的人并发急性肾损伤 (AKI) 的可能性高出 20 倍,eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m 的可能性高出 17 倍。 在长达 5 年的随访评估(2,483,452 人年)中,高钾血症与较差的健康结果相关。这种关联适用于所有肾功能水平,且与并发 AKI 无关,但在基线 eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m 的患者中更为强烈(交互作用 < 0.001)。 eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m 和 eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m 患者的调整后 HR(高钾血症与无高钾血症)分别为 2.3 (95% CI, 2.2-2.5) 和 1.5 (95% CI, 1.3) -1.6) 死亡率;心脏事件为 1.8(95% CI,1.6-1.9)和 1.4(95% CI,1.2-1.6);肾衰竭的评分分别为 17.0 (95% CI, 9.3-31.1) 和 2.0 (95% CI, 1.5-2.8)。这项研究的观察性质限制了因果关系的评估。高钾血症对普通人群来说是一个沉重的负担。高钾血症与较差的长期健康结果相关,尤其是肾脏结果,且与其他既定危险因素无关。
更新日期:2021-08-20
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