Abstract

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) play an important role in the expression regulation of many animal and human genes and are involved in the processes of transcriptional and posttranscriptional editing. ERVs retain a certain genetic similarity to the exogenous generic virus. ERV research helps to determine the age and rate of evolution of exogenous viruses that are contagious to animals and humans. It is hypothesized that retroviruses arose before the appearance of vertebrates. This asynchrony suggests a significant contribution of retroviruses to the evolutionary development of organisms. ERVs have no species boundaries due to horizontal transfer; however, the movement of retrotransposons in the genome of animals can lead to cytogenetic defects and have a negative effect on the fitness of organisms. One striking example of horizontal transfer is the LINE 1 retrotransposon, which was found in 559 species, including animals, plants, and fungi. This confirms the assumption about the time of the emergence of retroviruses. Retrotransposons, which participate in the processes of transposition and recombination, cause changes in DNA nucleotide sequences. This leads to mutational processes in genes, in particular, those responsible for the development of neurons in the brain and nervous system, i.e., retrotransposons may be responsible for domestication syndrome. The infection of germ cells with retroviruses gradually led to their establishment of reproductive functions in mammals. These functions include the fusion of trophoblasts in the placenta. ERV genes are incorporated into the genome via viral infections or retrotransposition. The review systematizes and summarizes the knowledge of the evolution and transfer of ERVs in the body and their functions in the genome and describes the main and most common ERVs, as well as their molecular structure and properties.

中文翻译：

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内源性逆转录病毒在驯化过程中的作用

摘要

内源性逆转录病毒 (ERV) 在许多动物和人类基因的表达调控中发挥重要作用，并参与转录和转录后编辑过程。ERV 与外源通用病毒保持一定的遗传相似性。ERV 研究有助于确定对动物和人类具有传染性的外源病毒的年龄和进化速度。据推测，逆转录病毒在脊椎动物出现之前就出现了。这种不同步性表明逆转录病毒对生物体的进化发展做出了重大贡献。由于水平转移，ERVs 没有物种边界；然而，反转录转座子在动物基因组中的运动会导致细胞遗传缺陷并对生物体的适应性产生负面影响。水平转移的一个显着例子是 LINE 1 逆转录转座子，它在 559 种物种中被发现，包括动物、植物和真菌。这证实了关于逆转录病毒出现时间的假设。参与转座和重组过程的逆转录转座子会导致 DNA 核苷酸序列发生变化。这导致基因的突变过程，特别是那些负责大脑和神经系统神经元发育的基因，即反转录转座子可能是驯化综合征的原因。生殖细胞被逆转录病毒感染逐渐导致它们在哺乳动物中建立生殖功能。这些功能包括胎盘中滋养层的融合。ERV 基因通过病毒感染或逆转录转座整合到基因组中。