This research focuses on the enhancement of the biosorption process via apple waste (a cheap adsorbent) for the treatment of heavy metals (including Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Pb²⁺). The apple pomace modified by potassium permanganate (ACAPMP), apple pomace modified by sodium hydroxide (APMSH) and activated carbon apple pomace (ACAP) were synthesized as adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals. The prepared biomass adsorbents were analyzed by FTIR, BET, EDS and FE-SEM. The Box-Behnken design was applied to optimize the process. The influence of pH, the time of removal, the type of adsorbent and concentration of heavy metal on the adsorption performance were investigated by batch experiments. The results revealed that ACAP, APMS and ACAP adsorbents were able to remove approximately 95% of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper from wastewater. The ACAPMP indicated the best performance compared to other adsorbents in optimal condition. Also, the results exhibited excellent removal performance for Pb²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ with maximum adsorption percent 99.72%, 99.28%, 99.18% and 96.45%, respectively. To define the best correlation, the equilibrium data for adsorption were studied by using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The FTIR, BET and EDS characterization of functional groups and morphology confirm the suitable preparation of ACAPMP, ACAP and APMSH. The adsorption results indicate that apple waste as low-cost and high surface capacity adsorbents can be used.

本研究的重点是通过苹果废料（一种廉价的吸附剂）增强生物吸附过程，以处理重金属（包括 Cu ²⁺、Cd ²⁺、Zn ²⁺和 Pb ²⁺）。合成了高锰酸钾改性苹果渣（ACAPMP）、氢氧化钠改性苹果渣（APMSH）和活性炭苹果渣（ACAP）作为吸附剂去除重金属。通过FTIR、BET、EDS和FE-SEM分析制备的生物质吸附剂。Box-Behnken 设计用于优化该过程。通过批量实验研究了pH值、去除时间、吸附剂类型和重金属浓度对吸附性能的影响。结果表明，ACAP、APMS 和 ACAP 吸附剂能够从废水中去除大约 95% 的锌、镉、铅和铜。与其他吸附剂相比，ACAPMP 在最佳条件下表现出最佳性能。此外，结果显示出优异的 Pb ²⁺去除性能、Zn ²⁺、Cu ²⁺和Cd ²⁺的最大吸附率分别为99.72%、99.28%、99.18%和96.45%。为了确定最佳相关性，使用 Langmuir 和 Freundlich 等温线模型研究了吸附的平衡数据。FTIR、BET 和 EDS 表征的官能团和形态证实了 ACAPMP、ACAP 和 APMSH 的合适制备。吸附结果表明，可以使用苹果废料作为低成本和高表面容量的吸附剂。