Adult nephrologists often look after patients who have been diagnosed with kidney disease in childhood. This does present unique challenges to the adult nephrologist, who may be unfamiliar with the underlying cause of kidney disease as well as the complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that may have accumulated during childhood. This review discusses common causes of childhood CKD, in particular congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD), polycystic kidney disease, hereditary stone disease, nephrotic syndrome and atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. The long-term consequences of childhood CKD, such as the cardiovascular consequences, cognition and education as well as bone health, nutrition and growth are also discussed.

成人肾脏科医生经常照顾那些在儿童时期被诊断出患有肾病的患者。这确实给成年肾病学家带来了独特的挑战，他们可能不熟悉肾病的根本原因以及可能在儿童时期积累的慢性肾病 (CKD) 的并发症。这篇综述讨论了儿童 CKD 的常见原因，特别是先天性肾脏和泌尿道异常 (CAKUT)、常染色体显性遗传肾小管间质性肾病 (ADTKD)、多囊肾病、遗传性结石病、肾病综合征和非典型溶血性尿毒症综合征。还讨论了儿童 CKD 的长期后果，例如心血管后果、认知和教育以及骨骼健康、营养和生长。