The advancement of Silicon CMOS technology has led information technology innovation for decades. However, scaling transistors down according to Moore’s law is almost reaching its limitations. To improve system performance, cost, and energy efficiency, vertical-optimization in multiple layers of the computing stack is required. Technological awareness in terms of devices and circuits could enable informed system-level decisions. For example, graphene is a promising material for extremely scaled high-speed transistors because of its remarkably high mobility, but it can not be used in integrated circuits as a result of the high leakage current from its zero bandgap. In this article, we discuss the fundamental physics of transistors and their ramifications on system design to assist device-level technology consideration during system design. Additionally, various emerging devices and their utilization on a vertically-optimized computing stack are introduced. This article serves as a survey of emerging device technologies that may be relevant in these areas, with an emphasis on making the descriptions approachable by system and software designers to understand the potential solutions. A basic vocabulary will be built to understand how to digest technical content, followed by a survey of devices, and finally a discussion of the implications for future processing systems.

中文翻译：

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一项描述硅晶体管之外的调查并探索其对未来处理器的影响

几十年来，硅 CMOS 技术的进步引领了信息技术的创新。然而，根据摩尔定律缩小晶体管的尺寸几乎已达到其极限。为了提高系统性能、成本和能源效率，需要对计算堆栈的多个层进行垂直优化。设备和电路方面的技术意识可以促成明智的系统级决策。例如，石墨烯因其非常高的迁移率而成为极有前途的高速晶体管材料，但由于其零带隙的高泄漏电流，它不能用于集成电路。在本文中，我们讨论了晶体管的基本物理特性及其对系统设计的影响，以帮助在系统设计期间考虑器件级技术。此外，还介绍了各种新兴设备及其在垂直优化计算堆栈上的应用。本文对可能与这些领域相关的新兴设备技术进行了调查，重点是使系统和软件设计人员易于理解这些描述，以了解潜在的解决方案。将建立一个基本词汇表来理解如何消化技术内容，然后对设备进行调查，最后讨论对未来处理系统的影响。强调使系统和软件设计人员易于理解描述，以了解潜在的解决方案。将建立一个基本词汇表来理解如何消化技术内容，然后对设备进行调查，最后讨论对未来处理系统的影响。强调使系统和软件设计人员易于理解描述，以了解潜在的解决方案。将建立一个基本词汇表来理解如何消化技术内容，然后对设备进行调查，最后讨论对未来处理系统的影响。