The modern approach to the design of heat-resistant metal alloys (HRAs) is analyzed, according to which the creep rupture characteristics of an alloy are mostly determined by the strength of interatomic bonding at grain boundaries (GBs) and in the bulk of a matrix phase. The main attention is paid to the concept of “low alloying additions” to polycrystalline alloys with transition metals, because of which the cohesive strength of the GBs and the cohesion energy of the alloy matrix are increased. This approach is especially important in relation to alloys obtained by powder metallurgy, which, in the compacted state, are fine-grained polycrystals. The methodology for calculating the key parameters of the theory (the energy of impurity segregation to the grain boundaries E_gb and to the free surface E_fs, as well as the values of the partial molar energy of the cohesion of the alloys) from the first principles is given. Тhe results of applying the theory to the study of Ni-, Cr- and Ti-based alloys and the development of new HRAs based on them are presented. Typical defects in the microstructures of objects obtained using additive technologies (AT) and the application efficiency of standard methods of processing powder alloys (Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP), heat treatment (HT)) to improve the microstructure and increase the mechanical properties are considered.

中文翻译：

---

现代粉末冶金：改进耐热合金的化学成分设计

分析了耐热金属合金 (HRA) 的现代设计方法，根据该方法，合金的蠕变断裂特性主要由晶界 (GB) 和基体主体中的原子间键合强度决定阶段。主要关注的是含过渡金属的多晶合金的“低合金添加量”概念，因此增加了 GB 的内聚强度和合金基体的内聚能。这种方法对于通过粉末冶金获得的合金尤其重要，这些合金在压实状态下是细粒多晶。计算理论关键参数的方法（杂质偏析到晶界 E _gb和自由表面 E的能量_fs，以及合金内聚力的部分摩尔能值）从第一性原理给出。介绍了将该理论应用于 Ni 基、Cr 基和 Ti 基合金的研究结果以及基于它们开发新 HRA 的结果。考虑了使用添加剂技术 (AT) 获得的物体微观结构中的典型缺陷以及加工粉末合金的标准方法 (热等静压 (HIP)、热处理 (HT)) 的应用效率，以改善微观结构并提高机械性能.