Storm surges and disastrous waves induced by cold air outbreaks, a type of severe weather system, often impact the coastal economic development. Using the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis wind product and the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport model, we developed a coupled numerical model and applied it to examine the interaction between surface gravity waves and ocean currents during cold air outbreaks in two case studies in the northern East China Sea. The results revealed that wave–current interactions improved the simulation accuracy, especially the water level, as verified by tidal station measurements. We conducted sensitivity experiments to explore the spatiotemporal variation of the impact of wave–current interactions on storm surges and waves in the northern East China Sea, away from the coastline. The wave-induced surge (up to 0.4 m) and the wave-induced current (up to 0.5 m/s) were found to be related to the difference between wave direction and current direction. The significant wave height difference (up to 0.5 m) was sensitive to the storm surge nearshore and sensitive to the current field offshore, while the mean wave direction change (up to 40°) was more sensitive to the current field than to the storm surge. Additionally, the wave–current interaction regulated the momentum balance and wave action balance, respectively. By comparison, the momentum residuals of pressure gradient, Coriolis force, Coriolis–Stokes force, and bottom stress, which were pronounced in different areas, were modulated more significantly by the wave effect than other terms. The dominant mechanisms of wave–current interactions on waves included the current-induced modification of energy generation caused by wind input, the current-induced modification of energy dissipation caused by whitecapping, and the current-induced wave advection.

中文翻译：

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评估东海北部冷空气爆发期间波-流相互作用对风暴潮和波浪的影响

由冷空气爆发引起的风暴潮和灾难性海浪是一种恶劣的天气系统，经常影响沿海经济发展。使用气候预报系统再分析风产品和耦合海洋-大气-波浪-沉积物输运模型，我们开发了一个耦合数值模型，并在两个案例研究中应用它来检查冷空气爆发期间地表重力波与洋流之间的相互作用东海北部。结果表明，潮汐站测量证实了波浪-流相互作用提高了模拟精度，尤其是水位。我们进行了敏感性实验，以探索波-流相互作用对东海北部远离海岸线的风暴潮和波浪影响的时空变化。发现波浪感应浪涌（高达0.4 m）和波浪感应电流（高达0.5 m / s）与波浪方向和电流方向之间的差异有关。显着波高差（可达0.5 m）对近岸风暴潮敏感，对离岸海流场敏感，而平均波浪方向变化（可达40°）对海流场比对风暴潮更敏感. 此外，波-流相互作用分别调节动量平衡和波浪作用平衡。相比之下，压力梯度、科里奥利力、科里奥利-斯托克斯力和底部应力的动量残差在不同区域显着，受波浪效应的调制比其他项更显着。