Objective

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the centenarian metabolic disorders and is considered as a stellar and leading health issue worldwide. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Diabetes Atlas and National Diabetes Statistics, the number of diabetic patients will increase at an exponential rate from 463 to 700 million by the year 2045. Thus, there is a great need for therapies targeting functions that can help in maintaining the homeostasis of glucose levels and improving insulin sensitivity. 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, by various direct and indirect factors, might help to overcome the hurdles (like insulin resistance) associated with the conventional approach.

Materials and results

A thorough review and analysis was conducted using various database including MEDLINE and EMBASE databases, with Google scholar using various keywords. This extensive review concluded that various drugs (plant-based, synthetic indirect/direct activators) are available, showing tremendous potential in maintaining the homeostasis of glucose and lipid metabolism, without causing insulin resistance, and improving insulin sensitivity. Moreover, these drugs have an effect against diabetes and are therapeutically beneficial in the treatment of diabetes-associated complications (neuropathy and nephropathy) via mechanism involving inhibition of nuclear translocation of SMAD4 (SMAD family member) expression and association with peripheral nociceptive neurons mediated by AMPK.

Conclusion

From the available information, it may be concluded that various indirect/direct activators show tremendous potential in maintaining the homeostasis of glucose and lipid metabolism, without resulting in insulin resistance, and may improve insulin sensitivity, as well. Therefore, in a nut shell, it may be concluded that the regulation of APMK functions by various direct/indirect activators may bring promising results. These activators may emerge as a novel therapy in diabetes and its associated complications.

中文翻译：

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AMPK在糖尿病并发症中潜在机制的关注

客观的

2 型糖尿病 (T2D) 是百岁老人代谢疾病之一，被认为是世界范围内的主要健康问题。根据国际糖尿病联盟 (IDF) 糖尿病地图集和国家糖尿病统计数据，到 2045 年，糖尿病患者的数量将以指数速度从 463 增加到 7 亿。因此，非常需要针对功能的治疗有助于维持葡萄糖水平的稳态和提高胰岛素敏感性。通过各种直接和间接因素激活 5' 腺苷一磷酸活化蛋白激酶 (AMPK) 可能有助于克服与​​传统方法相关的障碍（如胰岛素抵抗）。

材料和结果

使用包括 MEDLINE 和 EMBASE 数据库在内的各种数据库进行了彻底的审查和分析，谷歌学者使用了各种关键字。这项广泛的审查得出的结论是，各种药物（基于植物的合成间接/直接激活剂）在维持葡萄糖和脂质代谢的稳态方面显示出巨大的潜力，而不会引起胰岛素抵抗，并提高胰岛素敏感性。此外，这些药物具有抗糖尿病作用，并且通过涉及抑制 SMAD4（SMAD 家族成员）表达的核易位和与由 AMPK 介导的外周伤害性神经元相关的机制，在治疗糖尿病相关并发症（神经病和肾病）方面具有治疗益处.

结论

根据现有信息，可以得出结论，各种间接/直接激活剂在维持葡萄糖和脂质代谢的稳态方面显示出巨大的潜力，而不会导致胰岛素抵抗，并且还可以改善胰岛素敏感性。因此，简而言之，可以得出结论，各种直接/间接激活剂对 APMK 功能的调节可能会带来有希望的结果。这些激活剂可能会成为治疗糖尿病及其相关并发症的新疗法。