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A critical review of point-of-use drinking water treatment in the United States
npj Clean Water ( IF 11.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-07-22 , DOI: 10.1038/s41545-021-00128-z
Jishan Wu 1 , Miao Cao 1 , Eric M. V. Hoek 1, 2, 3 , Draco Tong 4 , Zach Finkelstein 5
Affiliation  

Ensuring safe water supply for communities across the United States is a growing challenge due to aging infrastructure, impaired source water, strained community finances, etc. In 2019, about 6% of public water utilities in the U.S. had a health-based violation. Due to the high risk of exposure to various contaminants in drinking water, point-of-use (POU) drinking water treatment is rapidly growing in popularity in the U.S. and beyond. POU treatment technologies include various combinations of string-wound sediment filters, activated carbon, modified carbon, ion exchange and redox media filters, reverse osmosis membranes, and ultraviolet lamps depending on the contaminants of concern. While the technologies are well-proven, highly commoditized, and cost-effective, most systems offer little in the way of real-time performance monitoring or interactive technology like other smart home appliances (e.g., thermostats, smoke detectors, doorbells, etc.). Herein, we review water quality regulations and violations in the U.S. as well as state-of-the-art POU technologies and systems with an emphasis on their effectiveness at removing the contaminants most frequently reported in notices of violations. We conclude by briefly reviewing emerging smart water technologies and the needs for advances in the state-of-the-art technologies. The smartness of commercially available POU water filters is critiqued and a definition of smart water filter is proposed.



中文翻译:

美国使用点饮用水处理的批判性审查

由于基础设施老化、源水受损、社区财政紧张等,确保美国各地社区的安全供水成为一项日益严峻的挑战。 2019 年,美国约 6% 的公共供水公司存在基于健康的违规行为。由于暴露于饮用水中各种污染物的高风险,使用点 (POU) 饮用水处理在美国及其他地区迅速普及。POU 处理技术包括线绕沉积物过滤器、活性炭、改性碳、离子交换和氧化还原介质过滤器、反渗透膜和紫外线灯的各种组合,具体取决于所关注的污染物。虽然这些技术经过充分验证、高度商品化且具有成本效益,大多数系统几乎没有像其他智能家用电器(例如,恒温器、烟雾探测器、门铃等)那样提供实时性能监控或交互技术。在此,我们回顾了美国的水质法规和违规行为以及最先进的 POU 技术和系统,重点是它们在去除违规通知中最常报告的污染物方面的有效性。最后,我们简要回顾了新兴的智能水技术以及对最先进技术进步的需求。批判了市售 POU 滤水器的智能性,并提出了智能滤水器的定义。S. 以及最先进的 POU 技术和系统,重点是它们在去除违规通知中最常报告的污染物方面的有效性。最后,我们简要回顾了新兴的智能水技术以及对最先进技术进步的需求。批判了市售 POU 滤水器的智能性,并提出了智能滤水器的定义。S. 以及最先进的 POU 技术和系统,重点是它们在去除违规通知中最常报告的污染物方面的有效性。最后,我们简要回顾了新兴的智能水技术以及对最先进技术进步的需求。批判了市售 POU 滤水器的智能性,并提出了智能滤水器的定义。

更新日期:2021-07-22
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