Error monitoring allows for the efficient performance of goal-directed behaviors and successful learning. Furthermore, error monitoring as a metacognitive ability may play a crucial role for neuropsychological interventions, such as rehabilitation. In the past decades, research has suggested two electrophysiological markers for error monitoring: the error-related negativity (ERN) and the error positivity (Pe), thought to reflect, respectively, error detection and error awareness. Studies on several neurological diseases have investigated the alteration of the ERN and the Pe, but these findings have not been summarized. Accordingly, a systematic review was conducted to understand what neurological conditions present alterations of error monitoring event-related potentials and their relation with clinical measures. Overall, ERN tended to be reduced in most neurological conditions while results related to Pe integrity are less clear. ERN and Pe were found to be associated with several measures of clinical severity. Additionally, we explored the contribution of different brain structures to neural networks underlying error monitoring, further elaborating on the domain-specificity of error processing and clinical implications of findings. In conclusion, electrophysiological signatures of error monitoring could be reliable measures of neurological dysfunction and a robust tool in neuropsychological rehabilitation.

中文翻译：

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对错误监测和临床意义的神经网络的新见解：对神经系统疾病 ERP 研究的系统评价

错误监控允许目标导向行为的有效表现和成功的学习。此外，错误监测作为一种元认知能力可能在神经心理学干预（如康复）中发挥关键作用。在过去的几十年中，研究提出了两种用于错误监测的电生理标志物：错误相关的负性 (ERN) 和错误的积极性 (Pe)，被认为分别反映了错误检测和错误意识。对几种神经系统疾病的研究已经调查了 ERN 和 Pe 的改变，但这些发现尚未总结。因此，进行了系统评价，以了解哪些神经系统疾病会导致错误监测事件相关电位的变化及其与临床测量的关系。全面的，在大多数神经系统疾病中，ERN 趋于减少，而与 Pe 完整性相关的结果则不太清楚。发现 ERN 和 Pe 与临床严重程度的几种测量方法相关。此外，我们探讨了不同大脑结构对错误监测神经网络的贡献，进一步阐述了错误处理的领域特异性和发现的临床意义。总之，错误监测的电生理特征可能是神经功能障碍的可靠测量方法，也是神经心理康复的有力工具。我们探讨了不同大脑结构对错误监测神经网络的贡献，进一步阐述了错误处理的领域特异性和研究结果的临床意义。总之，错误监测的电生理特征可能是神经功能障碍的可靠测量方法，也是神经心理康复的有力工具。我们探讨了不同大脑结构对错误监测神经网络的贡献，进一步阐述了错误处理的领域特异性和研究结果的临床意义。总之，错误监测的电生理特征可能是神经功能障碍的可靠测量方法，也是神经心理康复的有力工具。