Cone penetration test (CPT) is widely used to explore the in situ soil mechanical properties and the stratigraphy. The numerical simulation of CPT can help understand its mechanical process and link the testing data to soil properties. However, this task is challenging due to multiple (i.e., geometric, material and contact) nonlinearity of the problem. This study extends a large deformation numerical framework, smoothed particle finite element method (SPFEM), to address this problem. A finite element formulation for multibody frictional contact problems is incorporated to deal with the interaction between the steel cone and soil. An explicit stress point integration scheme with substepping is adopted to solve the elastoplastic constitutive equation of soil. The details of the novel numerical procedure are demonstrated. Using the developed approach, parametric studies are conducted for both undrained Tresca soil and fully drained modified Cam-Clay. The correctness and robustness of the proposed approach are validated. For the undrained Tresca soil, a linear relationship between the cone factor \(N_{kt}\) and the natural logarithm of rigidity index \(\mathrm {ln}(I_{r})\) is confirmed, and then, a new equation for the interpretation of soil undrained shear strength is proposed. For fully drained modified Cam-Clay, the effects of some model parameters and earth pressure coefficient at-rest \(K_0\) on the drained cone factor are elucidated. Direct numerical simulation of CPT with SPFEM can provide an effective approach to determine some key parameters of the soil constitutive model and therefore improve the accuracy of numerical simulation for engineering applications.

锥入度试验（CPT）被广泛用于探索原位土壤力学性质和地层学。CPT 的数值模拟有助于了解其力学过程，并将测试数据与土壤特性联系起来。然而，由于问题的多重（即几何、材料和接触）非线性，这项任务具有挑战性。本研究扩展了大变形数值框架，平滑粒子有限元方法 (SPFEM)，以解决这个问题。结合了多体摩擦接触问题的有限元公式来处理钢锥和土壤之间的相互作用。采用分步显式应力点积分方案求解土的弹塑性本构方程。演示了新颖的数值程序的细节。使用开发的方法，对不排水的 Tresca 土壤和完全排水的改良 Cam-Clay 进行了参数研究。验证了所提出方法的正确性和稳健性。对于不排水的 Tresca 土，锥系数与\(N_{kt}\)和刚度指数的自然对数\(\mathrm {ln}(I_{r})\)得到证实，进而提出了解释土壤不排水抗剪强度的新方程。对于全排水改良Cam-Clay，阐明了一些模型参数和静止土压力系数\(K_0\)对排水锥系数的影响。用SPFEM直接对CPT进行数值模拟可以提供一种有效的方法来确定土壤本构模型的一些关键参数，从而提高工程应用数值模拟的准确性。