In arid and semi- arid regions selecting the appropriate planting method and irrigation regime along with optimum plant density are three critical factors that affect the yield and physiological characteristics of sugar beet. Therefore, in order to find the optimum field managements in sugar beet cultivation the split-split plot arrangement was used to examine the effects of three irrigation regimes as 100, 75 and 50% of full irrigation (FI), four plant densities as 180,000, 135,000, 90,000, and 45,000 plants ha⁻¹ and two planting methods as direct seeding and transplanting on physiological growth and gas exchange of sugar beet for two growing seasons at experimental field of Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran located in a semi-arid environment. Results showed that the mean values of leaf and root dry matter decreased by 41% and 26% from 100%FI to 50%FI, respectively. Transplanting method has more tolerance to water stress than direct seeding and increased the average root dry matter and crop water productivity (WUE_ET) as 7% and 45%, respectively. The highest value of photosynthesis rate (A_n), transpiration rate (T_r) and stomata conductance (g_s) were obtained in transplanting method under the density of 90,000 plant ha⁻¹ and 100%FI, with no significant difference between I100 and I75 for A_n and T_r. The highest value of transpiration efficiency (WUE_t) and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE_i) were obtained in 75%FI and 50%FI, respectively in density of 90,000 plant ha⁻¹. Therefore, the transplanting method due to alleviating the adverse effects of water stress on yield and physiological response of sugar beet along with plant density of 90,000 plant ha⁻¹ under moderate deficit irrigation (75%FI) can be suggested as an efficient field management in sugar beet cultivation.

在干旱和半干旱地区，选择合适的种植方法和灌溉制度以及最佳植物密度是影响甜菜产量和生理特性的三个关键因素。因此，为了找到甜菜种植中的最佳田间管理，使用裂块布置来检查三种灌溉方式的效果，即 100%、75% 和 50% 的全灌溉 (FI)，四种植物密度为 180,000， 135,000、90,000 和 45,000 株植物 ha ^-1在伊朗设拉子设拉子大学试验田位于半干旱环境中的两个生长季节，直接播种和移栽两种种植方式对甜菜生理生长和气体交换的影响。结果表明，叶片和根干物质的平均值从 100%FI 到 50%FI 分别下降了 41% 和 26%。移栽法比直播法更能耐受水分胁迫，平均根干物质和作物水分生产力（WUE _ET）分别提高7%和45%。光合速率（A _n）、蒸腾速率（T _r）和气孔导度（g _s）的_最大值) 是在 90,000 株 ha ^-1和 100%FI的密度下通过移栽方法获得的，A _n和T _{r 的}I100 和 I75 之间没有显着差异。蒸腾效率 ( WUE _t ) 和内在水分利用效率 ( WUE _i )的最高值分别在 75%FI 和 50%FI 下获得，密度为 90,000 公顷^-1。因此，移栽方法由于减轻水分胁迫对甜菜产量和生理反应的不利影响以及90,000株公顷的植株密度^-1 适度亏缺灌溉 (75%FI) 可作为甜菜种植中的有效田间管理。