Approximately 5 million individuals in the US are living with congestive heart failure (CHF), with 650,000 new cases being diagnosed every year. CHF has a multifactorial etiology, ranging from coronary artery disease, hypertension, valvular abnormalities and diabetes mellitus. Currently, guidelines by the American College of Cardiology advocate the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, β-blockers, diuretics, aldosterone antagonists, and inotropes for the medical management of heart failure. The sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of drug that have been widely used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus that work by inhibiting the reabsorption of glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule. Since the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial, several studies have demonstrated the benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in reducing cardiovascular risk related to heart failure. While the cardiovascular benefits could be explained by their ability to reduce weight, improve glycemic index and lower blood pressure, several recent trials have suggested that SGLT2 inhibitors exhibit pleiotropic effects that underlie their cardioprotective properties. These findings have led to an expansion in preclinical and clinical research aiming to understand the mechanisms by which SGLT2 inhibitors improve heart failure outcomes.

美国约有 500 万人患有充血性心力衰竭 (CHF)，每年诊断出 650,000 例新病例。CHF 具有多因素病因，包括冠状动脉疾病、高血压、瓣膜异常和糖尿病。目前，美国心脏病学会的指南提倡使用血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE) 抑制剂、血管紧张素 II 受体阻滞剂、β 受体阻滞剂、利尿剂、醛固酮拮抗剂和强心剂来治疗心力衰竭。钠葡萄糖协同转运蛋白 2 (SGLT2) 抑制剂是一类广泛用于治疗 2 型糖尿病的药物，通过抑制近曲小管中葡萄糖的重吸收起作用。自 EMPA-REG OUTCOME 试验以来，几项研究已经证明 SGLT2 抑制剂在降低与心力衰竭相关的心血管风险方面的益处。虽然心血管益处可以通过其减轻体重、改善血糖指数和降低血压的能力来解释，但最近的几项试验表明，SGLT2 抑制剂表现出多效性，这是其心脏保护特性的基础。这些发现导致临床前和临床研究的扩展，旨在了解 SGLT2 抑制剂改善心力衰竭结果的机制。最近的几项试验表明，SGLT2 抑制剂表现出多效性，这是其心脏保护特性的基础。这些发现导致临床前和临床研究的扩展，旨在了解 SGLT2 抑制剂改善心力衰竭结果的机制。最近的几项试验表明，SGLT2 抑制剂表现出多效性，这是其心脏保护特性的基础。这些发现导致临床前和临床研究的扩展，旨在了解 SGLT2 抑制剂改善心力衰竭结果的机制。