Glyphosate is the most used herbicide worldwide. Many studies have reported glyphosate risks to aquatic organisms of different trophic levels. Moreover, evidence suggests flaws in countries’ legislation that may imply the non-protection of aquatic species exposed to glyphosate. Therefore, we aimed to investigate glyphosate concentrations in freshwater ecosystems worldwide based on a systematic literature review, to discuss the results considering each country’s legislation, and to assess the relative tolerance and risk for aquatic species. Only articles providing in situ concentrations of glyphosate in freshwater systems were included in our study. In total, 73 articles met the inclusion criteria and were used in our analysis. The studies comprised freshwater ecosystems from 21 countries. Most countries evaluated (90%) did not have restrictive legislation for aquatic glyphosate concentrations, resulting in a potential non-protection of aquatic organisms. Glyphosate may pose a moderate to high risk in 95% of the countries investigated, reaching a maximum concentration of 105 mg L^-1. Additionally, the risk analysis showed that glyphosate concentrations below 0.1 μg L^-1 represent a low risk, whereas glyphosate concentrations above 1 μg L^-1, which is below the limit established by some countries’ legislation, represent a high risk to aquatic organisms. Therefore, we strongly recommend a revision of the countries’ legislation for glyphosate concentration in freshwater systems.

草甘膦是全世界使用最广泛的除草剂。许多研究报告了草甘膦对不同营养级水生生物的风险。此外，有证据表明各国立法存在缺陷，这可能意味着对接触草甘膦的水生物种没有给予保护。因此，我们的目的是在系统文献综述的基础上调查全球淡水生态系统中的草甘膦浓度，结合每个国家的立法讨论结果，并评估水生物种的相对耐受性和风险。我们的研究仅包括提供淡水系统中草甘膦原位浓度的文章。总共有 73 篇文章符合纳入标准并用于我们的分析。这些研究涵盖了 21 个国家的淡水生态系统。大多数接受评估的国家（90%）没有针对水生草甘膦浓度的限制性立法，导致水生生物可能无法得到保护。草甘膦在95%的调查国家中可能构成中度至高度风险，最高浓度达到105 mg L ^-1 。此外，风险分析表明，草甘膦浓度低于0.1 μg L ^-1代表低风险，而草甘膦浓度高于1 μg L ^-1 （低于一些国家立法规定的限值）对水生生物代表高风险。因此，我们强烈建议修订各国关于淡水系统中草甘膦浓度的立法。