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Glyphosate concentrations in global freshwaters: are aquatic organisms at risk?

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Abstract

Glyphosate is the most used herbicide worldwide. Many studies have reported glyphosate risks to aquatic organisms of different trophic levels. Moreover, evidence suggests flaws in countries’ legislation that may imply the non-protection of aquatic species exposed to glyphosate. Therefore, we aimed to investigate glyphosate concentrations in freshwater ecosystems worldwide based on a systematic literature review, to discuss the results considering each country’s legislation, and to assess the relative tolerance and risk for aquatic species. Only articles providing in situ concentrations of glyphosate in freshwater systems were included in our study. In total, 73 articles met the inclusion criteria and were used in our analysis. The studies comprised freshwater ecosystems from 21 countries. Most countries evaluated (90%) did not have restrictive legislation for aquatic glyphosate concentrations, resulting in a potential non-protection of aquatic organisms. Glyphosate may pose a moderate to high risk in 95% of the countries investigated, reaching a maximum concentration of 105 mg L-1. Additionally, the risk analysis showed that glyphosate concentrations below 0.1 μg L-1 represent a low risk, whereas glyphosate concentrations above 1 μg L-1, which is below the limit established by some countries’ legislation, represent a high risk to aquatic organisms. Therefore, we strongly recommend a revision of the countries’ legislation for glyphosate concentration in freshwater systems.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Dr. Andreu Rico for his comments on the text.

Funding

This work was supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)—Finance Code 001 (fellowship to GQ, JRP, and JAVB)—and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) (fellowship to GQ and EMB).

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  1. Laboratório de Ecologia Aquática, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36036–900, Brazil

    Emília Marques Brovini, Simone Jaqueline Cardoso, Gabrielle Rabelo Quadra, José R. Paranaíba & Raquel Fernandes Mendonça

  2. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Brazil

    Emília Marques Brovini, Simone Jaqueline Cardoso, Gabrielle Rabelo Quadra, Jéssica Andrade Vilas-Boas, José R. Paranaíba & Raquel Fernandes Mendonça

  3. Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36036–900, Brazil

    Simone Jaqueline Cardoso

  4. Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36036–900, Brazil

    Jéssica Andrade Vilas-Boas

  5. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36036–900, Brazil

    Renata de Oliveira Pereira

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  1. Emília Marques Brovini
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  2. Simone Jaqueline Cardoso
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Contributions

EMB, RFM, SJC, GQ, JAVB, and ROP conceptualized the article, analyzed, and interpreted the data. EMB, GQ, and JAVB were responsible for writing the original draft. EMB, GQ, JAVB, RFM, SJC, JRP, and ROP reviewed and edited the article. EMB, RFM, GB, JAVB, and JRP made the figures. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Emília Marques Brovini.

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Brovini, E.M., Cardoso, S.J., Quadra, G.R. et al. Glyphosate concentrations in global freshwaters: are aquatic organisms at risk?. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 60635–60648 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14609-8

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