Cosmic Explorer is a next-generation ground-based gravitational-wave observatory concept, envisioned to begin operation in the 2030s and expected to be capable of observing binary neutron star and black hole mergers back to the time of the first stars. Cosmic Explorer’s sensitive band will extend below 10 Hz, where the design is predominantly limited by geophysical, thermal, and quantum noises. In this work, thermal, seismic, gravity-gradient, quantum, residual gas, scattered-light, and servo-control noises are analyzed in order to motivate facility and vacuum system design requirements, potential test mass suspensions, Newtonian noise reduction strategies, improved inertial sensors, and cryogenic control requirements. Our analysis shows that, with improved technologies, Cosmic Explorer can deliver a strain sensitivity better than ${10}^{-23}{\mathrm{Hz}}^{-1/2}$ down to 5 Hz. Our work refines and extends previous analysis of the Cosmic Explorer concept and outlines the key research areas needed to make this observatory a reality.

中文翻译：

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Cosmic Explorer 的引力波物理学：低频灵敏度的限制

Cosmic Explorer 是下一代地面引力波天文台概念，预计在 2030 年代开始运行，并有望观测到双中子星和黑洞合并回到第一批恒星时代。Cosmic Explorer 的敏感频带将扩展到 10 Hz 以下，在此设计中主要受地球物理、热和量子噪声的限制。在这项工作中，分析了热、地震、重力梯度、量子、残余气体、散射光和伺服控制噪声，以激发设施和真空系统设计要求、潜在的测试质量悬挂、牛顿降噪策略、改进惯性传感器和低温控制要求。我们的分析表明，通过改进的技术，Cosmic Explorer 可以提供比${10}^{-23}{\mathrm{赫兹}}^{-1/2}$低至 5 赫兹。我们的工作完善和扩展了之前对宇宙探索者概念的分析，并概述了使这个天文台成为现实所需的关键研究领域。