Development, characterisation, and deployment of the SNO+ liquid scintillator,Journal of Instrumentation

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Development, characterisation, and deployment of the SNO+ liquid scintillator
Journal of Instrumentation ( IF 1.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-10 , DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/16/05/p05009
M.R. Anderson ₁ , S. Andringa ₂ , L. Anselmo ₃ , E. Arushanova ₄ , S. Asahi ₁ , M. Askins _{5,

6,

7} , D.J. Auty ₈ , A.R. Back _{4,

9} , Z. Barnard ₁₀ , N. Barros _{2,

11,

12,

13} , D. Bartlett ₁ , F. Baro _{2,

14} , R. Bayes ₁₀ , E.W. Beier ₁₂ , A. Bialek _{3,

8,

10} , S.D. Biller ₁₅ , E. Blucher ₁₆ , R. Bonventre _{5,

6,

12} , M. Boulay ₁ , D. Braid ₁₀ , E. Caden _{1,

3,

10} , E.J. Callaghan _{5,

6} , J. Caravaca _{5,

6} , J. Carvalho ₁₇ , L. Cavalli ₁₅ , D. Chauhan _{1,

2,

3,

10} , M. Chen ₁ , O. Chkvorets ₁₀ , K.J. Clark _{1,

9,

15} , B. Cleveland _{3,

10} , D. Cookman ₁₅ , C. Connors ₁₀ , I.T. Coulter _{12,

15} , M.A. Cox _{2,

18} , D. Cressy ₁₀ , X. Dai ₁ , C. Darrach ₁₀ , B. Davis-Purcell ₁₉ , C. Deluce _{3,

10} , M.M. Depatie ₁₀ , F. Descamps _{5,

6} , J. Dittmer ₁₃ , F. DiLodovico _{4,

20} , N. Duhaime ₁₀ , F. Duncan _{3,

10} , J. Dunger ₁₅ , A.D. Earle ₉ , D. Fabris ₃ , E. Falk ₉ , A. Farrugia ₁₀ , N. Fatemighomi _{1,

3} , V. Fischer ₇ , E. Fletcher ₁ , R. Ford _{3,

10} , K. Frankiewicz ₂₁ , N. Gagnon ₃ , A. Gaur ₈ , K. Gilje ₈ , O.I. Gonzlez-Reina ₂₂ , D. Gooding ₂₁ , P. Gorel ₈ , K. Graham ₁ , C. Grant _{7,

21} , J. Grove ₁₀ , S. Grullon ₁₂ , E. Guillian ₁ , S. Hall ₃ , A.L. Hallin ₈ , D. Hallman ₁₀ , S. Hans ₂₃ , J. Hartnell ₉ , P. Harvey ₁ , M. Hedayatipour ₈ , W.J. Heintzelman ₁₂ , J. Heise ₁ , R.L. Helmer ₁₉ , D. Horne ₁ , B. Hreljac _{1,

10} , J. Hu ₈ , S.M.A. Hussain ₁₀ , T. Iida ₁ , A.S. Incio _{2,

11} , C.M. Jackson _{5,

6} , N.A. Jelley ₁₅ , C.J. Jillings _{10,

14} , C. Jones ₁₅ , P.G. Jones _{4,

15} , K. Kamdin _{5,

6} , T. Kaptanoglu _{5,

6,

12} , J. Kaspar ₂₄ , K. Keeter ₂₅ , C. Kefelian _{5,

6} , P. Khaghani ₁₀ , L. Kippenbrock ₂₄ , J.R. Klein ₁₂ , R. Knapik _{12,

26} , J. Kofron ₂₄ , L.L. Kormos ₂₇ , S. Korte ₁₀ , B. Krar ₁ , C. Kraus _{1,

10} , C.B. Krauss ₈ , T. Kroupova ₁₅ , K. Labe ₁₆ , F. Lafleur ₃ , I. Lam ₁ , C. Lan ₁ , B.J. Land _{5,

6,

12} , R. Lane ₄ , S. Langrock ₄ , A. LaTorre ₁₆ , I. Lawson _{3,

10} , L. Lebanowski ₁₂ , G.M. Lefeuvre ₉ , E.J. Leming _{9,

15} , A. Li ₂₁ , J. Lidgard ₁₅ , B. Liggins ₄ , Y.H. Lin _{3,

10} , X. Liu ₁ , Y. Liu ₁ , V. Lozza _{2,

11,

13} , M. Luo ₁₂ , S. Maguire ₂₃ , A. Maio _{2,

11} , K. Majumdar ₁₅ , S. Manecki _{1,

3,

10} , J. Maneira _{2,

11} , R.D. Martin ₁ , E. Marzec ₁₂ , A. Mastbaum _{12,

16} , J. Mauel ₁ , N. McCauley ₁₈ , A.B. McDonald ₁ , P. Mekarski ₈ , M. Meyer ₁₃ , C. Miller ₁ , C. Mills ₉ , M. Mlejnek ₉ , E. Mony ₁ , I. Morton-Blake ₁₅ , M.J. Mottram _{4,

9} , S. Nae _{2,

11} , M. Nirkko ₉ , L.J. Nolan ₄ , V.M. Novikov ₁ , H.M. O'Keeffe _{1,

27} , E. O'Sullivan ₁ , G.D. OrebiGann _{5,

6,

12} , M.J. Parnell ₂₇ , J. Paton ₁₅ , S.J.M. Peeters ₉ , T. Pershing ₇ , Z. Petriw ₈ , J. Petzoldt ₁₃ , L. Pickard ₇ , D. Pracsovics ₁₀ , G. Prior ₂ , J.C. Prouty _{5,

6} , S. Quirk ₁ , A. Reichold ₁₅ , S. Riccetto ₁ , R. Richardson ₁₀ , M. Rigan ₉ , A. Robertson ₁₈ , J. Rose ₁₈ , R. Rosero ₂₃ , P.M. Rost ₁₀ , J. Rumleskie ₁₀ , M.A. Schumaker ₁₀ , M.H. Schwendener ₁₀ , D. Scislowski ₂₄ , J. Secrest _{12,

28} , M. Seddighin ₁ , L. Segui ₁₅ , S. Seibert ₁₂ , I. Semenec _{1,

10} , F. Shaker ₈ , T. Shantz ₁₀ , M.K. Sharma ₈ , T.M. Shokair ₁₂ , L. Sibley ₈ , J.R. Sinclair ₉ , K. Singh ₈ , P. Skensved ₁ , M. Smiley _{5,

6} , T. Sonley ₁ , R. Stainforth ₁₈ , M. Strait ₁₆ , M.I. Stringer _{4,

9} , R. Svoboda ₇ , A. Srensen ₁₃ , B. Tam ₁ , J. Tatar ₂₄ , L. Tian ₁ , N. Tolich ₂₄ , J. Tseng ₁₅ , H.W.C. Tseung ₂₄ , E. Turner ₁₅ , R. VanBerg ₁₂ , J.G.C. Veinot ₈ , C.J. Virtue ₁₀ , B. vonKrosigk ₁₃ , E. Vzquez-Juregui _{10,

22} , J.M.G. Walker ₁₈ , M. Walker ₁ , S.C. Walton ₁₀ , J. Wang ₁₅ , M. Ward ₁ , O. Wasalski ₁₉ , J. Waterfield ₉ , J.J. Weigand ₁₃ , R.F. White ₉ , J.R. Wilson _{4,

20} , T.J. Winchester ₂₄ , P. Woosaree ₁₀ , A. Wright ₁ , J.P. Yanez ₈ , M. Yeh ₂₃ , T. Zhang ₇ , Y. Zhang ₈ , T. Zhao ₁ , K. Zuber _{13,

29} , A. Zummo ₁₂

Affiliation

Queen's University, Department of Physics, Engineering Physics & Astronomy, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
Laboratrio de Instrumentao e Fsica Experimental de Partculas (b), Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
SNOLAB, Creighton Mine #9, 1039 Regional Road 24, Sudbury, ON P3Y 1N2, Canada
Queen Mary, University of London, School of Physics and Astronomy, 327 Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, U.K.
University of California, Berkeley, Department of Physics, CA 94720, Berkeley, U.S.A.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720-8153, U.S.A.
University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A.
University of Alberta, Department of Physics, 4-181 CCIS, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
University of Sussex, Physics & Astronomy, Pevensey II, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QH, U.K.
Laurentian University, Department of Physics, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Cincias (FCUL), Departamento de Fsica, Campo Grande, Edifcio C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics & Astronomy, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6396, U.S.A.
Technische Universitt Dresden, Institut fr Kern und Teilchenphysik, Zellescher Weg 19, Dresden, 01069, Germany
Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Superior Tcnico (IST), Departamento de Fsica, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
University of Oxford, The Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3RH, U.K.
The Enrico Fermi Institute and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A.
Universidade de Coimbra, Departamento de Fsica and Laboratrio de Instrumentao e Fsica Experimental de Partculas (LIP), 3004-516, Coimbra, Portugal
University of Liverpool, Department of Physics, Liverpool, L69 3BX, U.K.
TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada
King's College London, Department of Physics, Strand Building, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, U.K.
Boston University, Department of Physics, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, U.S.A.
Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico (UNAM), Instituto de Fsica, Apartado Postal 20-364, Mxico D.F., 01000, Mexico
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Building 555, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, NY 11973-500, U.S.A.
University of Washington, Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics and Department of Physics, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A.
Idaho State University, 921 S. 8th Ave, Mail Stop 8106, Pocatello, ID 83209-8106
Norwich University, 158 Harmon Drive, Northfield, VT 05663, U.S.A.
Lancaster University, Physics Department, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, U.K.
Armstrong Atlantic State University, 11935 Abercorn Street, Savannah, GA 31419, U.S.A.
MTA Atomki, 4001 Debrecen, Hungary

A liquid scintillator consisting of linear alkylbenzene as the solvent and 2,5-diphenyloxazole as the fluor was developed for the SNO+ experiment. This mixture was chosen as it is compatible with acrylic and has a competitive light yield to pre-existing liquid scintillators while conferring other advantages including longer attenuation lengths, superior safety characteristics, chemical simplicity, ease of handling, and logistical availability. Its properties have been extensively characterized and are presented here. This liquid scintillator is now used in several neutrino physics experiments in addition to SNO+.

中文翻译：

SNO+ 液体闪烁体的开发、表征和部署

为 SNO+ 实验开发了一种由直链烷基苯作为溶剂和 2,5-二苯恶唑作为荧光剂组成的液体闪烁体。选择这种混合物是因为它与丙烯酸相容，并且与现有的液体闪烁体相比具有竞争性的光输出，同时还具有其他优点，包括更长的衰减长度、卓越的安全特性、化学简单性、易于处理和后勤可用性。它的特性已被广泛描述并在此介绍。除了 SNO+，这种液体闪烁体现在还用于多个中微子物理实验。

更新日期：2021-05-10

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