The International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) was founded in 1978 and was the first institution in Italy to promote post-graduate courses leading to a Doctor Philosophiae (or PhD) degree. A centre of excellence among Italian and international universities, the school has around 65 teachers, 100 post docs and 245 PhD students, and is located in Trieste, in a campus of more than 10 hectares with wonderful views over the Gulf of Trieste.
SISSA hosts a very high-ranking, large and multidisciplinary scientific research output. The scientific papers produced by its researchers are published in high impact factor, well-known international journals, and in many cases in the world's most prestigious scientific journals such as Nature and Science. Over 900 students have so far started their careers in the field of mathematics, physics and neuroscience research at SISSA.
paper
Development, characterisation, and deployment of the SNO+ liquid scintillator
The SNO+ collaboration, M.R. Anderson1, S. Andringa2, L. Anselmo3, E. Arushanova4, S. Asahi1, M. Askins5,6,7, D.J. Auty8, A.R. Back4,9, Z. Barnard10, N. Barros2,11,12,13, D. Bartlett1, F. Barão2,14, R. Bayes10, E.W. Beier12, A. Bialek3,10,8, S.D. Biller15, E. Blucher16, R. Bonventre5,6,12, M. Boulay1, D. Braid10, E. Caden3,10,1, E.J. Callaghan5,6, J. Caravaca5,6, J. Carvalho17, L. Cavalli15, D. Chauhan3,10,2,1, M. Chen1, O. Chkvorets10, K.J. Clark15,1,9, B. Cleveland3,10, D. Cookman15, C. Connors10, I.T. Coulter15,12, M.A. Cox18,2, D. Cressy10, X. Dai1, C. Darrach10, B. Davis-Purcell19, C. Deluce3,10, M.M. Depatie10, F. Descamps5,6, J. Dittmer13, F. Di Lodovico4,20, N. Duhaime10, F. Duncan3,10, J. Dunger15, A.D. Earle9, D. Fabris3, E. Falk9, A. Farrugia10, N. Fatemighomi3,1, V. Fischer7, E. Fletcher1, R. Ford3,10, K. Frankiewicz21, N. Gagnon3, A. Gaur8, K. Gilje8, O.I. González-Reina28, D. Gooding21, P. Gorel8, K. Graham1, C. Grant21,7, J. Grove10, S. Grullon12, E. Guillian1, S. Hall3, A.L. Hallin8, D. Hallman10, S. Hans22, J. Hartnell9, P. Harvey1, M. Hedayatipour8, W.J. Heintzelman12, J. Heise1, R.L. Helmer19, D. Horne1, B. Hreljac1,10, J. Hu8, S.M.A. Hussain10, T. Iida1, A.S. Inácio2,11, C.M. Jackson5,6, N.A. Jelley15, C.J. Jillings14,10, C. Jones15, P.G. Jones15,4, K. Kamdin5,6, T. Kaptanoglu5,6,12, J. Kaspar23, K. Keeter24, C. Kefelian5,6, P. Khaghani10, L. Kippenbrock23, J.R. Klein12, R. Knapik25,12, J. Kofron23, L.L. Kormos26, S. Korte10, B. Krar1, C. Kraus10,1, C.B. Krauss8, T. Kroupova15, K. Labe16, F. Lafleur3, I. Lam1, C. Lan1, B.J. Land12,5,6, R. Lane4, S. Langrock4, A. LaTorre16, I. Lawson3,10, L. Lebanowski12, G.M. Lefeuvre9, E.J. Leming15,9, A. Li21, J. Lidgard15, B. Liggins4, Y.H. Lin3,10, X. Liu1, Y. Liu1, V. Lozza2,11,13, M. Luo12, S. Maguire22, A. Maio2,11, K. Majumdar15, S. Manecki3,1,10, J. Maneira2,11, R.D. Martin1, E. Marzec12, A. Mastbaum16,12, J. Mauel1, N. McCauley18, A.B. McDonald1, P. Mekarski8, M. Meyer13, C. Miller1, C. Mills9, M. Mlejnek9, E. Mony1, I. Morton-Blake15, M.J. Mottram4,9, S. Nae2,11, M. Nirkko9, L.J. Nolan4, V.M. Novikov1, H.M. O'Keeffe26,1, E. O'Sullivan1, G.D. Orebi Gann5,6,12, M.J. Parnell26, J. Paton15, S.J.M. Peeters9, T. Pershing7, Z. Petriw8, J. Petzoldt13, L. Pickard7, D. Pracsovics10, G. Prior2, J.C. Prouty5,6, S. Quirk1, A. Reichold15, S. Riccetto1, R. Richardson10, M. Rigan9, A. Robertson18, J. Rose18, R. Rosero22, P.M. Rost10, J. Rumleskie10, M.A. Schumaker10, M.H. Schwendener10, D. Scislowski23, J. Secrest27,12, M. Seddighin1, L. Segui15, S. Seibert12, I. Semenec1,10, F. Shaker8, T. Shantz10, M.K. Sharma8, T.M. Shokair12, L. Sibley8, J.R. Sinclair9, K. Singh8, P. Skensved1, M. Smiley5,6, T. Sonley1, R. Stainforth18, M. Strait16, M.I. Stringer4,9, R. Svoboda7, A. Sörensen13, B. Tam1, J. Tatar23, L. Tian1, N. Tolich23, J. Tseng15, H.W.C. Tseung23, E. Turner15, R. Van Berg12, J.G.C. Veinot8, C.J. Virtue10, B. von Krosigk13, E. Vázquez-Jáuregui28,10, J.M.G. Walker18, M. Walker1, S.C. Walton10, J. Wang15, M. Ward1, O. Wasalski19, J. Waterfield9, J.J. Weigand13, R.F. White9, J.R. Wilson4,20, T.J. Winchester23, P. Woosaree10, A. Wright1, J.P. Yanez8, M. Yeh22, T. Zhang7, Y. Zhang8, T. Zhao1, K. Zuber13,29 and A. Zummo12
4 Queen Mary, University of London, School of Physics and Astronomy, 327 Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, U.K.
5 University of California, Berkeley, Department of Physics, CA 94720, Berkeley, U.S.A.
6 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720-8153, U.S.A.
7 University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A.
8 University of Alberta, Department of Physics, 4-181 CCIS, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
9 University of Sussex, Physics & Astronomy, Pevensey II, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QH, U.K.
10 Laurentian University, Department of Physics, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
11 Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências (FCUL), Departamento de Física, Campo Grande, Edifício C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
12 University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics & Astronomy, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6396, U.S.A.
13 Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Kern und Teilchenphysik, Zellescher Weg 19, Dresden, 01069, Germany
14 Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Departamento de Física, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
15 University of Oxford, The Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3RH, U.K.
16 The Enrico Fermi Institute and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A.
17 Universidade de Coimbra, Departamento de Física and Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), 3004-516, Coimbra, Portugal
18 University of Liverpool, Department of Physics, Liverpool, L69 3BX, U.K.
19 TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada
20 King's College London, Department of Physics, Strand Building, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, U.K.
21 Boston University, Department of Physics, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, U.S.A.
22 Brookhaven National Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Building 555, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, NY 11973-500, U.S.A.
23 University of Washington, Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics and Department of Physics, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A.
24 Idaho State University, 921 S. 8th Ave, Mail Stop 8106, Pocatello, ID 83209-8106
A liquid scintillator consisting of linear alkylbenzene as the solvent and 2,5-diphenyloxazole as the fluor was developed for the SNO+ experiment.
This mixture was chosen as it is compatible with acrylic and has a competitive light yield to pre-existing liquid scintillators while conferring other advantages including longer attenuation lengths, superior safety characteristics, chemical simplicity, ease of handling, and logistical availability.
Its properties have been extensively characterized and are presented here.
This liquid scintillator is now used in several neutrino physics experiments in addition to SNO+.