With this study we investigated the accumulation of potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn), six indicators (28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) of non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (Σ₆ NDL-PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and microplastics in S. quadrata (edible part) collected from two sampling sites (1 and 2) from the Arno River Basin (Central Italy). A risk assessment of the implications for human health was also performed. Levels of potentially toxic elements in gastropods from site 2 were slightly higher and the Σ₆ NDL-PCB concentration was significantly higher (7.32 ng g⁻¹ vs. 3.07 ng g⁻¹) compared to site 1 due to higher anthropogenic pressures. The concentration of chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benzo(a)pyrene was below the limit of quantification (0.5 μg kg⁻¹). Benzo[a]anthracene was detected in gastropods from both sites (0.5 ± 0.02 μg kg⁻¹ and 0.7 ± 0.02 μg kg⁻¹ from site 1 and 2, respectively). The microplastics frequency (mainly polyethylene terephthalate) differed significantly between the sites (site 1, 0.8 ± 1.30; site 2, 1 ± 0.37 items/specimen). All contaminant levels were compliant with international regulatory limits and guidelines. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values for As, Cd, Cr, and Pb were far below the safety values of 1 × 10^–4. Similarly, the ILCR values from the Monte Carlo simulation model were all within the safety region of 1 × 10^–4 and 1 × 10^–6. Findings from the health risk assessment indicated no adverse effects for human health from any of the contaminants analysed here, except for microplastics for which no limits or legislation are currently in force.

通过这项研究，我们调查了潜在有毒元素（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn）的积累，非二恶英类多氯联苯的六项指标（28、52、101、138、153、180） (Σ ₆ NDL-PCBs)、多环芳烃 (PAHs) 和从阿诺河流域（意大利中部）的两个采样点（1 和 2）收集的S. quadrata（可食用部分）中的微塑料。还进行了对人类健康影响的风险评估。在从站点2腹潜在有毒元素的水平略高和Σ ₆ NDL-PCB浓度显著更高（7.32毫微克克^-1 VS 3.07纳克克^-1) 与站点 1 相比，由于更高的人为压力。屈、苯并[b]荧蒽和苯并(a)芘的浓度低于定量限(0.5 μg kg ^-1 )。在来自两个站点的腹足动物中检测到苯并[a]蒽（分别来自站点 1 和站点 2 的0.5 ± 0.02 μg kg ^-1和 0.7 ± 0.02 μg kg ^-1）。微塑料频率（主要是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯）在站点之间存在显着差异（站点 1，0.8 ± 1.30；站点 2，1 ± 0.37 个项目/样本）。所有污染物水平均符合国际监管限制和准则。As、Cd、Cr 和 Pb 的递增终生癌症风险 (ILCR) 值远低于安全值 1 × 10 ^–4. 同样，蒙特卡罗模拟模型的 ILCR 值都在 1 × 10 ^–4和 1 × 10 ^–6的安全区域内。健康风险评估的结果表明，这里分析的任何污染物都不会对人类健康产生不利影响，但目前没有对其实施任何限制或立法的微塑料除外。