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Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements, Persistence of NDL-PCB, PAHs, and Microplastics in the Translocated Edible Freshwater Sinotaia quadrata (Gasteropoda, Viviparidae): A Case Study from the Arno River Basin (Central Italy)

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Abstract

With this study we investigated the accumulation of potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn), six indicators (28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) of non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (Σ6 NDL-PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and microplastics in S. quadrata (edible part) collected from two sampling sites (1 and 2) from the Arno River Basin (Central Italy). A risk assessment of the implications for human health was also performed. Levels of potentially toxic elements in gastropods from site 2 were slightly higher and the Σ6 NDL-PCB concentration was significantly higher (7.32 ng g−1 vs. 3.07 ng g−1) compared to site 1 due to higher anthropogenic pressures. The concentration of chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benzo(a)pyrene was below the limit of quantification (0.5 μg kg−1). Benzo[a]anthracene was detected in gastropods from both sites (0.5 ± 0.02 μg kg−1 and 0.7 ± 0.02 μg kg−1 from site 1 and 2, respectively). The microplastics frequency (mainly polyethylene terephthalate) differed significantly between the sites (site 1, 0.8 ± 1.30; site 2, 1 ± 0.37 items/specimen). All contaminant levels were compliant with international regulatory limits and guidelines. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values for As, Cd, Cr, and Pb were far below the safety values of 1 × 10–4. Similarly, the ILCR values from the Monte Carlo simulation model were all within the safety region of 1 × 10–4 and 1 × 10–6. Findings from the health risk assessment indicated no adverse effects for human health from any of the contaminants analysed here, except for microplastics for which no limits or legislation are currently in force.

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Data Availability

The data supporting the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Mr. Floriano Pratelli for his help during sampling.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle D’Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy

    Paolo Pastorino, Valentina Ciccotelli, Roberta Giugliano, Mattia Tomasoni, Vasco Menconi, Barbara Vivaldi & Marino Prearo

  2. Department of Biology, University of Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino FI, Italy

    Annamaria Nocita

  3. Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of Bologna, viale Vespucci 2, 47042, Cesenatico, FC, Italy

    Annalisa Zaccaroni & Marina Silvi

  4. Bioscience Research Center, via Aurelia Vecchia 32, 58015, Orbetello, GR, Italy

    Serena Anselmi

  5. Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy

    Elisabetta Pizzul & Monia Renzi

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  1. Paolo Pastorino
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Contributions

Conceptualization: Paolo Pastorino and Marino Prearo; data curation, Paolo Pastorino; investigation: Paolo Pastorino, Annamaria Nocita, Valentina Ciccotelli, Annalisa Zaccaroni, Serena Anselmi, Roberta Giugliano, Mattia Tomasoni, Marina Silvi, Vasco Menconi, Barbara Vivaldi, Elisabetta Pizzul, Monia Renzi and Marino Prearo; methodology: Paolo Pastorino, Valentina Ciccotelli, Annalisa Zaccaroni, Serena Anselmi, Roberta Giugliano, Mattia Tomasoni, Marina Silvi, Vasco Menconi, Barbara Vivaldi, Elisabetta Pizzul, Monia Renzi, Marino Prearo; supervision: Marino Prearo; writing-original draft: Paolo Pastorino; writing-review and editing: Paolo Pastorino, Annamaria Nocita, Valentina Ciccotelli, Annalisa Zaccaroni, Serena Anselmi, Roberta Giugliano, Mattia Tomasoni, Marina Silvi, Vasco Menconi, Barbara Vivaldi, Elisabetta Pizzul, Monia Renzi, Marino Prearo.

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Pastorino, P., Nocita, A., Ciccotelli, V. et al. Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements, Persistence of NDL-PCB, PAHs, and Microplastics in the Translocated Edible Freshwater Sinotaia quadrata (Gasteropoda, Viviparidae): A Case Study from the Arno River Basin (Central Italy). Expo Health 13, 583–596 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-021-00404-w

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