Introduction

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease with an unclear etiology causing severe inflammation, joint pain, and destruction that increases the chance of disability over time. Dysregulation of various immune signaling cascades regulates the formation of synovial hyperplasia and pannus formation. Imbalance in cytokine levels, predominantly proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-12p70 profoundly influences the disease's pathogenesis. Even though various strategies are adopted to treat arthritis, their side effects and cost limit their usage. This review discusses the multiple pathways involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, provides a systematic analysis of various phytochemicals, and discusses their potential molecular targets in RA treatment.

Methods

The literature mining was done from scientific databases such as PubMed, Europe PMC, Web of Science, Scopus, etc. The terminologies used for literature mining were Rheumatoid arthritis, phytochemicals, cell signaling pathways, molecular mechanism, etc.

Results

NF-κB, MAPKs, and JAK–STAT are the key pathways potentially targeted for RA treatment. However, specific susceptible pathways and potential targets remain unexplored. Besides, the phytochemicals remain an immense source to be exploited for the effective treatment of RA, overcoming the demerits of the conventional strategies. Various in vitro and in vivo findings suggest that polyphenols and flavonoids effectively treat RA conditions overcoming the demerits, such as limitations in usage and toxicity. The phytochemicals should be explored in par with the pathological mechanisms with all the available targets to determine their therapeutic efficacy. Through the established therapeutic efficacy, phytochemicals can help developing therapeutics that are safe and efficacious for RA treatment.

中文翻译：

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对显示抗关节炎活性的植物化学物质的分子见解：系统评价

介绍

类风湿性关节炎 (RA) 是一种慢性炎症性自身免疫性疾病，病因不明，会导致严重的炎症、关节疼痛和破坏，随着时间的推移会增加残疾的机会。各种免疫信号级联的失调调节滑膜增生的形成和血管翳的形成。细胞因子水平的不平衡，主要是促炎细胞因子，如 TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6、IL-17 和 IL-12p70，深刻影响了疾病的发病机制。尽管采用了各种策略来治疗关节炎，但它们的副作用和成本限制了它们的使用。本综述讨论了类风湿性关节炎发病机制中涉及的多种途径，对各种植物化学物质进行了系统分析，并讨论了它们在 RA 治疗中的潜在分子靶点。

方法

文献挖掘是从PubMed、Europe PMC、Web of Science、Scopus等科学数据库中进行的。文献挖掘所使用的术语有类风湿性关节炎、植物化学物质、细胞信号通路、分子机制等。

结果

NF-κB、MAPKs 和 JAK-STAT 是可能针对 RA 治疗的关键途径。然而，特定的易感途径和潜在目标仍未探索。此外，植物化学物质仍然是有效治疗 RA 的重要来源，克服了传统策略的缺点。各种体外和体内研究结果表明，多酚和黄酮类化合物可有效治疗 RA 病症，克服了缺点，例如使用限制和毒性。植物化学物质应与所有可用靶标的病理机制相结合，以确定其治疗效果。通过已确立的治疗功效，植物化学物质可以帮助开发对 RA 治疗安全有效的疗法。