Shivalik region is one of the agri-intensive regions in Punjab, India, wherein groundwater quality is a major human health concern. In this study, a total of 57 groundwater samples were collected from the Rupnagar district of this region (one sample per 36 km²) to evaluate its quality, the role of hydrogeochemical processes in its contamination, and further their potential human health hazards. The results indicate that the major water chemistry is governed by carbonate weathering followed by silicate weathering. The Fe, Mg, Mn, Se, and HCO₃^- concentrations exceeded the BIS drinking water standards in 86, 51, 11, 9, and 79% of the samples, respectively. Piper and Durov plots indicated the dominance of Ca-HCO₃^- water types, followed by Ca-Mg-Cl^- and Ca-Cl^-. Furthermore, multivariate analyses indicated the geogenic origin for Fe, Mg, Mn, Se, SO₄^2-, and anthropogenic sources (agrochemicals, cement factories, and fly ash) for NO₃^-, Cu, and Cr. The estimated carcinogenic risk of As and Cr falls under the very low (10^-6) to low (10^-5) risks category. Furthermore, the cumulative risk of non-carcinogenic contaminants (F^-, U, NO₃^-) (HI-0.93) is at an alarming level and also close to the boundary line of USEPA limits (HI-1). There is an urgent need to undertake suitable policy measures for sustainability of groundwater quality.

Shivalik地区是印度旁遮普邦的农业密集地区之一，那里的地下水水质是人类健康的主要问题。在这项研究中，从该地区的Rupnagar区总共收集了57个地下水样品（每36 km ²采集一个样品），以评估其质量，水文地球化学过程在其污染中的作用以及对人类健康的潜在危害。结果表明，主要的水化学是由碳酸盐风化然后是硅酸盐风化控制的。的铁，镁，锰，硒，和HCO ₃ ^-的浓度分别超过了BIS饮用水标准在86，51，11，图9和79％样品中，。Piper和Durov图显示了Ca-HCO _3-的优势^-水类型，随后的Ca-Mg的氯^-和Ca-CL ^-。此外，多变量分析指示为铁，镁，锰，硒的环境地球化学原点，SO ₄ ^2-，以及人为来源（农用化学品，水泥厂，和飞灰）为NO ₃ ^{- ，}铜和铬。砷和铬的致癌风险估计在极低（10 ^-6）至低（10 ^-5）风险类别之内。此外，无致癌性的污染物（F的累积风险^-，U，NO ₃ ^-）（HI-0.93）处于警报水平，并且也接近USEPA限值（HI-1）的边界线。迫切需要采取适当的政策措施，以实现地下水质量的可持续性。