Abstract
Shivalik region is one of the agri-intensive regions in Punjab, India, wherein groundwater quality is a major human health concern. In this study, a total of 57 groundwater samples were collected from the Rupnagar district of this region (one sample per 36 km2) to evaluate its quality, the role of hydrogeochemical processes in its contamination, and further their potential human health hazards. The results indicate that the major water chemistry is governed by carbonate weathering followed by silicate weathering. The Fe, Mg, Mn, Se, and HCO3- concentrations exceeded the BIS drinking water standards in 86, 51, 11, 9, and 79% of the samples, respectively. Piper and Durov plots indicated the dominance of Ca-HCO3- water types, followed by Ca-Mg-Cl- and Ca-Cl-. Furthermore, multivariate analyses indicated the geogenic origin for Fe, Mg, Mn, Se, SO42-, and anthropogenic sources (agrochemicals, cement factories, and fly ash) for NO3-, Cu, and Cr. The estimated carcinogenic risk of As and Cr falls under the very low (10-6) to low (10-5) risks category. Furthermore, the cumulative risk of non-carcinogenic contaminants (F-, U, NO3-) (HI-0.93) is at an alarming level and also close to the boundary line of USEPA limits (HI-1). There is an urgent need to undertake suitable policy measures for sustainability of groundwater quality.
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All data set used in the current manuscript is original. The corresponding author has all raw data of the manuscript and related experiments; it can be provided as a reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the Board of Research in Nuclear Science (BRNS), Department of Atomic Energy, (DAE-BRNS), Mumbai, for providing financial assistance. The authors are thankful to Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, and DST–FIST support for chemical analysis. The authors express sincere gratitude to local people for memorable cooperation during the time of sampling work.
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The research work was funded by the Board of Research in Nuclear Science (BRNS), Department of Atomic Energy, (DAE-BRNS), Mumbai. [Sanction number: 36(4)/14/49/2014-BRNS/36044].
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Sunil Mittal and Ravishankar Kumar have designed and performed the experimental/research work, as well as written the manuscript. Prafulla Kumar Sahoo and Sunil Kumar Sahoo were involved in the interpretation of data and statistical analysis and also helped to review and edit the manuscript. Raghavendra Prasad Tiwari was involved in data analysis, and manuscript editing works.
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Mittal, S., Sahoo, P.K., Sahoo, S.K. et al. Hydrochemical characteristics and human health risk assessment of groundwater in the Shivalik region of Sutlej basin, Punjab, India. Arab J Geosci 14, 847 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-07043-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-07043-0