Cross-cultural sex differences in mobility and harm avoidance have been widely reported, often emphasizing fitness benefits of long-distance travel for males and high costs for females. Data emerging from adults in small-scale societies, however, are challenging the assumption that female mobility is restricted during reproduction. Such findings warrant further exploration of the ontogeny of mobility. Here, using a combination of machine-learning, mixed-effects linear regression, and GIS mapping, we analyze range size, daily distance traveled, and harm avoidance among Hadza foragers during middle childhood and adolescence. Distance traveled increased with age and, while male adolescents had the longest daily ranges, average daily distance traveled by each sex was similar. We found few age- or sex-related patterns in harm-avoidant responses and a high degree of individual variation. When queried on the same issues, children and their parents were often in alignment as to expectations pertaining to harm avoidance, and siblings tended to behave in similar ways. To the extent that sex differences in mobility did emerge, they were associated with ecological differences in physical threats associated with sex-specific foraging behaviors. Further, we found no strong association between harm avoidance and mobility. Young Hadza foragers of both sexes are highly mobile, regardless of how harm avoidant they are. Taken together, our findings indicate that the causal arrows between harm avoidance and mobility must be evaluated in ecologically specific frameworks where cultural expectations of juvenile mobility can be contextualized.

流动性和避免伤害方面的跨文化性别差异已被广泛报道，通常强调男性长途旅行的健康益处和女性的高成本。然而，来自小规模社会成年人的数据正在挑战女性在生殖过程中流动性受到限制的假设。这些发现保证了对移动性个体发育的进一步探索。在这里，我们结合机器学习、混合效应线性回归和 GIS 制图，分析了哈扎觅食者在童年中期和青春期的范围大小、每日旅行距离和避免伤害的情况。旅行的距离随着年龄的增长而增加，虽然男性青少年的每日旅行距离最长，但每个性别的平均每日旅行距离相似。我们在避免伤害的反应和高度的个体差异中发现很少有年龄或性别相关的模式。当被问及同样的问题时，孩子和他们的父母通常对避免伤害的期望保持一致，兄弟姐妹也倾向于以类似的方式行事。就流动性的性别差异确实出现而言，它们与与特定性别觅食行为相关的身体威胁的生态差异有关。此外，我们发现避免伤害和流动性之间没有很强的关联。无论他们如何避免伤害，两性的年轻哈扎觅食者都具有高度的流动性。综合起来，