Microbes inhabit different anatomical sites of the human body including oral cavity, gut, and skin. A growing literature highlights how microbiome variation is associated with human health and disease. There is strong evidence of bidirectional communication between gut and brain mediated by neurotransmitters and microbial metabolites. Here, we review the potential involvement of microbes residing in the gut and in other body sites in the pathogenesis of eight neuropsychiatric disorders, discussing findings from animal and human studies. The data reported provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the microbiome research in neuropsychiatry, including hypotheses about the mechanisms underlying the associations reported and the translational potential of probiotics and prebiotics.

微生物栖息在人体的不同解剖部位，包括口腔、肠道和皮肤。越来越多的文献强调微生物组变异如何与人类健康和疾病相关。有强有力的证据表明肠道和大脑之间存在由神经递质和微生物代谢物介导的双向通讯。在这里，我们回顾了肠道和其他身体部位的微生物在八种神经精神疾病发病机制中的潜在参与，并讨论了动物和人类研究的结果。报告的数据全面概述了神经精神病学微生物组研究的现状，包括有关所报告的关联机制的假设以及益生菌和益生元的转化潜力。