Understanding the occurrence, behavior, and fate of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the substrate-mushroom-human nexus is critical for assessing and mitigating their human health risks. In this review, we (1) summarized the nature, sources, and biogeochemical behavior of PTEs in the substrate-mushroom systems; (2) discussed the occurrence, exposure, and human health risks of PTEs in mushrooms with emphasis on African geological hotspots such as metalliferous and highly mineralized substrates; (3) developed a 10-step conceptual framework for identifying, assessing, and mitigating the human health risks of PTEs in mushrooms, and highlight future directions. High human exposure risks potentially exist in Africa due to the following: (1) widespread consumption of mushrooms from various metalliferrous and highly mineralized substrates such as serpentines and mine waste dumps, (2) inadequate and poorly enforced environmental health and food safety regulations and policies, (3) limited environmental and human health monitoring data, and (4) potential synergistic interactions among PTEs in mushrooms and human health stressors such as a high burden of human diseases and infections. Although the human health effects of individual PTEs are well known, scientific evidence linking human health risk to PTEs in mushrooms remains weak. A framework for risk assessment and mitigation, and future research directions are recommended.

了解底物-蘑菇-人与人之间的联系中潜在有毒元素（PTE）的发生，行为和命运对于评估和减轻其对人类健康的危害至关重要。在这篇综述中，我们（1）总结了底物-蘑菇系统中PTE的性质，来源和生物地球化学行为；（2）讨论了蘑菇中PTE的发生，暴露和对人类健康的危害，重点是非洲地质热点，例如含金属和高度矿化的基质；（3）建立了一个10个步骤的概念框架，用于识别，评估和缓解蘑菇中PTE的人类健康风险，并突出了未来的方向。由于以下原因，非洲可能存在很高的人类暴露风险：（1）从各种金属铁和高度矿化的基质（例如蛇纹石和矿山垃圾场）广泛食用蘑菇;（2）环境卫生和食品安全法规和政策不充分且执行​​不力;（3）有限的环境和人类健康监测数据;以及（4）蘑菇中的PTE与人类健康压力源之间潜在的协同相互作用，例如人类疾病和感染的负担高。尽管各个PTE对人类健康的影响众所周知，但将人类健康风险与蘑菇中PTE相关联的科学证据仍然薄弱。建议使用风险评估和缓解的框架以及未来的研究方向。（3）有限的环境和人类健康监测数据，以及（4）蘑菇中的PTE与人类健康压力源之间的潜在协同作用，例如人类疾病和感染的负担沉重。尽管各个PTE对人类健康的影响众所周知，但将人类健康风险与蘑菇中PTE相关联的科学证据仍然薄弱。建议使用风险评估和缓解的框架以及未来的研究方向。（3）有限的环境和人类健康监测数据，以及（4）蘑菇中的PTE与人类健康压力源之间的潜在协同作用，例如人类疾病和感染的负担沉重。尽管单个PTE对人类健康的影响众所周知，但将人类健康风险与蘑菇中PTE联系起来的科学证据仍然薄弱。建议使用风险评估和缓解的框架以及未来的研究方向。